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Cloud Technology and Core AWS Services

This chapter covers the core AWS services and the global infrastructure they run on. You will learn about compute options like EC2 and Lambda, storage services like S3 and EBS, databases like RDS and DynamoDB, and networking with VPC, Route 53, and CloudFront. It also explains Regions, Availability Zones, and edge locations, plus ways to interact with and monitor AWS.

Global infrastructure

AWS runs in geographic Regions, each made of isolated Availability Zones, with a separate network of edge locations for content delivery. Understanding this layout is key to designing available and low-latency applications.

Regions are geographic areas

Each Region is a separate geographic area chosen based on latency, data residency, cost, and service availability.

Availability Zones are isolated

AZs are one or more discrete data centers with independent power and networking, isolated from failures in other zones.

Deploy across multiple AZs

Spreading resources across AZs lets an application keep running if one zone fails, improving availability.

Edge locations cache content

Edge locations serve cached content close to users for services like CloudFront, reducing latency.

Compute services

AWS offers several ways to run code, from virtual machines you fully control to serverless functions and containers. Choosing the right option depends on control, scaling, and operational needs.

Amazon EC2

Provides resizable virtual servers where you control the operating system and installed software.

AWS Lambda

Runs code without provisioning servers and charges only for the compute time consumed.

Containers with ECS, EKS, and Fargate

Run Docker containers on AWS, with Fargate providing serverless compute so you avoid managing EC2 hosts.

Auto Scaling and load balancing

EC2 Auto Scaling adjusts instance counts to demand, and Elastic Load Balancing spreads traffic across healthy targets.

Storage services

AWS provides object, block, and file storage plus archival tiers. Each type suits different access patterns and cost requirements.

Amazon S3 object storage

Highly durable object storage for backups, static sites, and data lakes, with multiple classes for different access patterns.

Amazon EBS block storage

Persistent block volumes attached to a single EC2 instance, similar to a virtual hard disk.

Amazon EFS file storage

Elastic, shared file storage that many Linux instances can mount at the same time.

Archival with S3 Glacier

Low-cost storage classes for long-term archival where retrieval delays are acceptable.

Database services

AWS offers managed databases so you can avoid the operational burden of running your own. Options include relational, NoSQL, in-memory, and analytics engines.

Amazon RDS and Aurora

RDS manages relational databases like MySQL and PostgreSQL, and Aurora is a high-performance, cloud-optimized member of the family.

Amazon DynamoDB

A fully managed NoSQL database delivering fast, consistent performance at any scale with no servers to manage.

Amazon ElastiCache

Managed in-memory caching with Redis or Memcached to speed up read-heavy applications.

Amazon Redshift

A managed data warehouse optimized for analytic queries over large datasets.

Networking, integration, and management

Networking services connect and isolate resources, while integration and management tools help components communicate and let you operate your environment.

Amazon VPC

Provides a logically isolated virtual network where you control IP ranges, subnets, and routing.

Route 53 and CloudFront

Route 53 is a scalable DNS service with routing policies, and CloudFront is a CDN that caches content at edge locations.

Hybrid connectivity

Direct Connect provides a dedicated private link to AWS, while Site-to-Site VPN provides an encrypted tunnel over the internet.

Messaging and monitoring

SQS and SNS decouple components with queues and pub/sub, while CloudWatch and CloudFormation provide monitoring and infrastructure as code.

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Last updated: July 2026