Penal Code §149 criminalizes assault by a public officer under color of authority, but the underlying excessive-force principle applies to any actor. For private security, excessive force during a citizen's arrest most directly creates which combination of exposure?

Explanation

PC §149 specifically targets peace-officer excessive force, but the underlying conduct — using more force than necessary — exposes any actor to criminal liability under PC §242 (battery), §240 (assault), or §245 (assault with a deadly weapon or by means likely to produce great bodily injury), and to civil liability for battery, false imprisonment, the Bane Act, intentional infliction of emotional distress, and negligence. The PPO also faces respondeat superior and negligent supervision exposure. BSIS may suspend or revoke the guard card (BPC §7583.22 and §7583.33). Verbal warnings (b), voting rights (c), and apology immunity (d) are incorrect.