May a private security guard use deadly force solely to protect property (e.g., merchandise or a vehicle)?
Explanation
Penal Code §197 lists circumstances justifying homicide; defense of mere property is not among them. People v. Ceballos (1974) 12 Cal.3d 470 held that deadly mechanical devices (and by extension, deadly force) cannot be used solely to protect property. Deadly force requires a reasonable belief of imminent threat of death or serious bodily injury to a person — the guard or another. Options (a), (b), (d) wrongly suggest deadly force may be calibrated to property value or owner authorization.
Law Reference: Cal. Penal Code §197; People v. Ceballos (1974) 12 Cal.3d 470This topic, taught in full in the California Guard Card (BSIS Security Guard) guide. California Guard Card — Complete Study Guide (2026) — PDF + EPUB, $9.99 · 14-day refund →
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Related questions on this topic
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