If a guard's excessive force violates a subject's civil rights, the principal civil-liability theories include:

Explanation

Civil Code §52.1 (Bane Act) gives a civil cause of action when rights are interfered with by threat, intimidation, or coercion — frequently used against private security in excessive-force cases. 42 U.S.C. §1983 applies to actors operating under color of state law, which can occasionally reach private security with a sufficient state nexus (e.g., off-duty officers, deputized security). State common-law torts (false arrest, battery, IIED) round out the typical claims. Options (a), (c), (d) understate or misstate the civil exposure.