Penal Code §835 distinguishes 'force' from 'restraint.' The proper relationship is:
Explanation
Section 835 sanctions 'such restraint as is reasonable for [the] arrest and detention.' Force is the dynamic action by which restraint is established and maintained; both must be reasonable and proportionate. The distinction matters because excessive force (battery) is possible even when restraint is otherwise authorized — gratuitous strikes during cuffing, for example. Options (a), (c), (d) collapse important distinctions and risk wrongly authorizing punitive force or wrongly excluding alternative restraints (e.g., physical hold, zip-tie restraint).
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Related questions on this topic
- A guard encounters a person who appears to be in mental health crisis (disoriented, talking to unseen persons, no clear threat). The appropriate response is generally:
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