When measuring intake and output (I&O), the CNA:
Explanation
I&O monitoring uses graduated containers and milliliter measurement to track fluid balance—important in CHF, renal disease, dehydration, post-op care, and tube feedings. Includes oral fluids (water, juice, ice chips counted as half-volume), IVs, tube feeds, and outputs (urine, emesis, drainage, liquid stool). Estimates (d), partial recording (c), or combined totals (b) lose the data needed for nursing assessment and medical decisions.
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