Basic & Applied Sciences and Nutrition
This chapter reviews the foundational sciences behind training: anatomy, physiology, biomechanics, and basic nutrition concepts. A trainer applies these principles to design safe and effective programs.
Musculoskeletal Anatomy
Skeletal muscles attach to bone by tendons and produce movement by pulling on those attachments. Understanding prime movers, such as the gluteus maximus for hip extension, and their opposing muscles helps a trainer target the right tissues and coach proper form.
Energy and Physiology
Muscle contraction is powered directly by ATP, which the body regenerates from carbohydrate and fat through its energy systems. The cardiorespiratory system delivers oxygen and nutrients, and training adaptations improve how efficiently these systems supply energy for exercise.
Nutrition Fundamentals
Basic nutrition concepts include the macronutrients (carbohydrate, protein, and fat), hydration, and energy balance. Trainers provide general healthy-eating guidance while recognizing that medical nutrition therapy for diagnosed conditions belongs to registered dietitians and physicians.