Electives
Elective topics cover common construction operations with their own specific hazards and rules. This module introduces cranes and rigging, scaffolds, ladders and stairways, hand and power tools, and excavations.
Cranes, Rigging, Scaffolds
Cranes and rigging demand qualified operators, proper load charts, and inspected rigging, and workers must stay clear of suspended loads and the crane's swing radius. Scaffolds must be built, moved, and dismantled under the supervision of a competent person and inspected before each shift. Supported scaffolds generally require guardrails or fall protection when a worker is 10 feet or more above a lower level, and they must be fully planked and set on stable footing. Overloading, missing planks, and damaged components are frequent causes of scaffold collapse.
Ladders and Stairways
Ladders and stairways cause many falls, so proper selection and use matter. A straight or extension ladder should be set at a 4-to-1 angle and extend at least 3 feet above the landing so the worker has a handhold when stepping off. Workers should maintain three points of contact, face the ladder while climbing, and never stand on the top rung or carry loads that throw them off balance. Damaged ladders must be removed from service, and stairways with four or more risers or rising more than 30 inches need handrails.
Hand and Power Tools
Hand and power tools create hazards from sharp edges, moving parts, flying debris, and electricity. Guards must stay in place, tools must be used only for their intended purpose, and damaged or defective tools must be tagged and removed from service. Workers should never carry a power tool by its cord, disconnect power before changing blades or bits, and wear appropriate eye and hand protection. Choosing the right tool for the job prevents many struck-by and laceration injuries.
Excavations
Excavations and trenches are among the most dangerous construction operations because a cave-in can bury a worker in seconds. Trenches 5 feet or deeper generally require a protective system, such as sloping, benching, shoring, or a trench shield, unless made entirely of stable rock. A competent person must inspect the excavation daily and after events like rain, and spoil piles must be kept back from the edge. Workers also need a safe way in and out, with a ladder or ramp within 25 feet in trenches 4 feet or deeper.