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Phiếu Ôn Cấp Tốc Kỳ Thi DANB Dental Assisting (RHS + ICE) (2026)
Phiếu Ôn Cấp Tốc miễn phí, in được cho kỳ thi DANB Dental Assisting (RHS + ICE): 115 điểm trọng tâm nhất, chia thành 4 phần theo các lĩnh vực nội dung của kỳ thi, mỗi phần kèm trọng số đã công bố.
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- 300 câu hỏi luyện tập DANB Dental Assisting (RHS + ICE) miễn phí trên cùng nội dung, câu nào cũng có giải thích.
- Cập nhật lần cuối: tháng 8 năm 2026.
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Infection Control
30% của kỳ thi- Six links
- Agent, reservoir, portal of exit, mode of transmission, portal of entry, and susceptible host must all be present for infection to spread, so breaking one link stops transmission.· CDC Guidelines for Infection Control in Dental Health-Care Settings
- Standard precautions
- Apply the same protective measures to every patient and treat blood, saliva, and all other body fluids except sweat as infectious regardless of diagnosis.· CDC Guidelines for Infection Control in Dental Health-Care Settings
- Transmission routes in dentistry
- Expect direct contact with blood or saliva, indirect contact through contaminated instruments and surfaces, droplet spatter to the eyes, nose, or mouth, and inhalation of aerosols generated by handpieces and ultrasonic scalers.
- Written exposure control plan
- Every dental practice must keep a written exposure control plan, review and update it at least once a year, and make it available to employees.· OSHA 29 CFR 1910.1030
- When to wash
- Perform hand hygiene before and after every patient, before donning and after removing gloves, and any time hands become visibly soiled.· CDC Guideline for Hand Hygiene in Health-Care Settings
- Soap versus alcohol rub
- Wash with soap and water when hands are visibly soiled or contaminated with blood; otherwise an alcohol-based hand rub is acceptable and generally reduces bacterial counts more effectively.· CDC Guideline for Hand Hygiene in Health-Care Settings
- Surgical hand antisepsis
- Before an oral surgical procedure, scrub with an antimicrobial soap or use an alcohol product with persistent activity, cleaning both hands and forearms.· CDC Guidelines for Infection Control in Dental Health-Care Settings
- Donning sequence
- Put on protective clothing first, then the mask, then eyewear or face shield, and gloves last so that the gloves cover the gown cuffs.· CDC Sequence for Donning and Removing PPE
- Removal sequence
- Remove gloves first, then eyewear, then the gown, then the mask, and perform hand hygiene immediately; the mask comes off last because its ties are considered clean.· CDC Sequence for Donning and Removing PPE
- Employer pays
- The employer must provide, launder, repair, replace, and dispose of all required personal protective equipment at no cost to the employee, and contaminated clothing may never be taken home.· OSHA 29 CFR 1910.1030
- Step 1: holding
- Place instruments in a holding solution or covered container of detergent or enzymatic cleaner when they cannot be cleaned right away, which keeps debris from drying onto the surfaces.
- Step 2: cleaning
- Remove all bioburden with an ultrasonic cleaner or instrument washer rather than hand scrubbing, because hand scrubbing sharply increases the risk of a puncture injury.· CDC Guidelines for Infection Control in Dental Health-Care Settings
- Step 3: packaging
- Dry, inspect, and wrap or pouch instruments in packaging cleared for the sterilizer being used, and place an external process indicator on each package.
- Step 4: sterilization
- Load packages loosely so steam or vapor reaches every surface, run the full cycle at the manufacturer's stated time, temperature, and pressure, and let packages dry before handling.
- Step 5: storage
- Store sterilized packages in a clean, dry, closed cabinet away from sinks and traffic; a package stays sterile until it is opened, torn, wet, or dropped.
- One-way flow
- Divide the processing area into contaminated receiving, preparation and packaging, sterilization, and clean storage sections, and always work from the contaminated end toward the clean end.· CDC Guidelines for Infection Control in Dental Health-Care Settings
- Steam autoclave
- The most common dental method; typical cycles run about 121 degrees Celsius at 15 psi for 15 to 30 minutes, or about 132 degrees Celsius at higher pressure for a shorter cycle, and it can dull or rust items that are not stainless steel.
- Chemical vapor and dry heat
- Chemical vapor sterilizers heat an alcohol and formaldehyde solution under pressure and do not rust instruments but require ventilation, while dry heat runs at higher temperatures for longer times and is gentle on sharp cutting edges.
- Critical, semicritical, noncritical
- Critical items that penetrate tissue and semicritical items that touch mucous membranes must be heat sterilized, while noncritical items that touch only intact skin need intermediate or low-level disinfection.· Spaulding Classification
- Mechanical and chemical monitoring
- Check the sterilizer gauges or printout every cycle and use chemical indicators inside and outside packages; these confirm that conditions were reached but do not prove sterility.
- Weekly biological monitoring
- Run a spore test with bacterial spores at least once a week, and with every load containing an implantable device, because it is the only method that verifies spores were killed.· CDC Guidelines for Infection Control in Dental Health-Care Settings
- Failed spore test
- Take the sterilizer out of service, recall and reprocess items back to the last negative test, find and correct the cause, and do not use the unit again until it passes.
- Barriers and disinfection levels
- Cover clinical contact surfaces with barriers, or between patients clean them first to remove bioburden and then apply an EPA-registered hospital disinfectant for the full contact time on the label, choosing an intermediate-level product with a tuberculocidal claim when blood is present and a low-level product otherwise.· EPA Antimicrobial Registration
- Dental unit waterlines
- Keep water used for nonsurgical dental procedures at or below 500 colony-forming units per milliliter, treat and monitor the lines per the manufacturer, flush after each patient, and use sterile solution for surgical procedures.· CDC Guidelines for Infection Control in Dental Health-Care Settings
- Sharps handling
- Never recap a needle with two hands and never bend, shear, or break contaminated needles; use a one-handed scoop or a recapping device and place sharps in a closable, puncture-resistant, leak-proof container labeled with the biohazard symbol.· OSHA 29 CFR 1910.1030
- Regulated waste
- Items saturated or caked with blood, extracted teeth, and contaminated sharps are regulated waste and must go into labeled or color-coded containers, separate from ordinary trash.· OSHA 29 CFR 1910.1030
- Hepatitis B vaccination
- The employer must offer the hepatitis B vaccine series at no cost within ten working days of assignment to a job with occupational exposure, and an employee who declines signs a written declination and may accept the vaccine later.· OSHA 29 CFR 1910.1030
- Exposure incident protocol
- Wash the area immediately, report the incident to the employer at once, and obtain a confidential medical evaluation with source-patient testing, baseline blood testing, post-exposure prophylaxis as indicated, and follow-up, all at the employer's expense.· OSHA 29 CFR 1910.1030
Radiation Safety
30% của kỳ thi- Ionizing radiation
- X-rays carry enough energy to knock electrons out of atoms, and that ionization is what makes them capable of damaging cells.
- Cathode and anode
- The cathode contains the tungsten filament that supplies electrons; the anode contains the tungsten target and copper stem that convert the electron stream into x-rays and carry away heat.
- Primary, secondary, and scatter
- The primary beam leaves the tube head, secondary radiation is created when the beam strikes matter, and scatter radiation is deflected in all directions and is the main occupational hazard to the operator.
- Inverse square law
- Beam intensity drops as the square of the distance, so doubling the distance from the source reduces intensity to one quarter.
- Filtration and collimation
- Aluminum filtration removes low-energy photons that would only add patient dose, and the lead collimator restricts the beam size.
- Cumulative dose
- The body does not fully repair all radiation injury, so every exposure adds to a lifetime total that can never be subtracted.
- Somatic versus genetic effects
- Somatic effects appear in the exposed person and are not passed on, while genetic effects damage reproductive cells and can be transmitted to future generations.
- Latent period
- Time passes between exposure and the first visible sign of damage, and that latent period may be days for high doses or many years for the low doses used in dentistry.
- Radiosensitive tissues
- Bone marrow, reproductive cells, the lens of the eye, the thyroid gland, and the lining of the intestines are highly sensitive, while muscle, nerve, and mature bone are relatively resistant.
- Direct and indirect theory
- A direct hit on DNA is rare; most damage is indirect, created when radiation ionizes water in the cell and forms toxic free radicals.
- Units of measure
- The sievert measures dose equivalent and the gray measures absorbed dose in the SI system, replacing the older rem and rad.
- ALARA principle
- Expose a patient only when the diagnostic benefit justifies the dose, and use every reasonable method to keep that dose as low as possible.· ALARA Principle
- Distance rule
- Stand at least six feet from the patient and the tube head during the exposure when there is no protective barrier.
- Position rule
- Stand between 90 and 135 degrees to the primary beam, which is the zone where the patient's head absorbs most of the scatter.
- Shielding
- Stand behind a fixed wall or lead barrier whenever one is available, and never stand in the path of the primary beam.
- Never hold anything
- The operator must never hold the sensor, film, or tube head during an exposure; if a patient cannot hold the receptor, a parent or caregiver who is not pregnant does so while wearing a lead apron.
- No pointed cone
- Use an open-ended, lead-lined, rectangular or round position indicating device, because pointed plastic cones increase scatter radiation.
- Lead apron and thyroid collar
- Place a lead apron on every patient and add a thyroid collar for all intraoral exposures; the collar is generally omitted for panoramic images because it blocks the beam.
- Fast film or digital sensors
- Use the fastest available intraoral film, such as F speed, or a digital sensor, which can cut exposure substantially compared with older D speed film.
- Rectangular collimation
- A rectangular collimator shaped to the receptor reduces the irradiated area, and therefore patient dose, far more than a round collimator.
- Beam-alignment devices
- Use a receptor holder with an external aiming ring so the beam is centered on the receptor, which prevents cone cuts and the retakes that double a patient's dose.
- Selection criteria
- Order radiographs based on the individual patient's history and clinical examination rather than on a fixed schedule.· FDA and ADA Dental Radiographic Examinations: Recommendations for Patient Selection and Limiting Radiation Exposure
- Proper technique
- Correct receptor placement, angulation, and processing avoid retakes, and every avoided retake is a full exposure the patient never receives.
- Kilovoltage peak
- kVp controls the energy and penetrating power of the beam and determines image contrast; higher kVp produces a longer scale of contrast with more shades of gray, while lower kVp produces short-scale, high-contrast images.
- Milliamperage
- mA controls the number of electrons and therefore the quantity of x-rays produced, which governs image density or overall darkness.
- Exposure time
- Time also controls the quantity of radiation; mA multiplied by time gives the total exposure, so the two can be traded against each other to keep density constant.
- Too light or too dark
- An image that is too dark was overexposed or overdeveloped, and one that is too light was underexposed or underdeveloped; correct density by adjusting mA or time, not kVp alone.
- Dosimeter badges
- Wear a personal monitoring badge at waist or collar level on the outside of the lead apron, exchange it on the service schedule, and never wear it home or leave it near a radiation source.
- Occupational dose limits
- The recognized whole-body limit for an occupationally exposed adult is 50 millisieverts per year, and the limit for a member of the general public is far lower at 1 millisievert per year.· NCRP Report No. 145
Radiographic Technique
25% của kỳ thi- Paralleling geometry
- The receptor is placed parallel to the long axis of the tooth and away from the teeth toward the middle of the mouth, and the central ray is aimed perpendicular to both the tooth and the receptor.
- Long cone and holders
- Paralleling requires a receptor holder and a longer position indicating device, usually 12 to 16 inches, so the increased distance offsets the magnification caused by moving the receptor away from the tooth.
- Bisecting geometry
- The receptor rests against the tooth and palate or floor of the mouth, and the beam is directed perpendicular to an imaginary bisector of the angle between the long axis of the tooth and the receptor.· Rule of Isometry
- When bisecting is used
- Bisecting may be chosen for a shallow palate, a small mouth, tori, a strong gag reflex, or an endodontic procedure where a rubber dam clamp is in place, but it distorts length more easily.
- Preferred method
- Paralleling with a beam-alignment device is preferred because it gives the most accurate image dimensions and allows rectangular collimation, which lowers patient dose.
- Vertical angulation
- Vertical angulation is positive when the tube head points down toward the maxilla and negative when it points up toward the mandible, and it controls whether the image is the correct length.
- Horizontal angulation
- Direct the central ray through the interproximal contacts, perpendicular to the curve of the arch, so the contacts open on the image.
- Anterior versus posterior
- Position the receptor vertically for anterior projections and horizontally for posterior projections, always with the identification dot toward the occlusal surface and toward the beam.
- Cover the apices
- A periapical image must show the entire tooth plus at least two to three millimeters of bone beyond the apex, so place the receptor deep enough to capture the root ends.
- Bitewing placement
- Bitewings show the crowns and crestal bone of both arches on one image and are angled about plus 10 degrees vertically, which is the standard caries and bone-level projection.
- Patient head position
- For most intraoral projections seat the patient upright with the occlusal plane parallel to the floor and the midsagittal plane perpendicular to it.
- Cone cut
- A clear unexposed area with a straight or curved border means the beam was not centered on the receptor; recenter the position indicating device on the receptor, ideally with an aiming ring.
- Elongation
- Teeth appear stretched and too long because vertical angulation was too flat, so increase the vertical angulation.
- Foreshortening
- Teeth appear squat and too short because vertical angulation was too steep, so decrease the vertical angulation.
- Overlapping contacts
- Proximal surfaces superimpose because horizontal angulation was incorrect and the central ray did not pass through the contacts; adjust horizontal angulation, not vertical.
- Missing apices
- Root ends cut off at the edge means the receptor was not placed deep enough or was positioned too far occlusally, not that the angulation was wrong.
- Blurred image and double exposure
- Blurring comes from patient or tube head movement during exposure, while a double image with two superimposed sets of teeth means the same receptor was exposed twice.
- Developer and fixer faults
- Film that is too dark was left in developer too long or the solution was too warm, and film that is too light was underdeveloped, in depleted solution, or in solution that was too cold.
- Fogged film
- A gray, low-contrast image with no clear detail is caused by light leaks, an improper safelight, outdated film, radiation exposure in storage, or contaminated solutions.
- Clear or blank film
- A completely clear film means it was never exposed or was placed in fixer before developer, while a completely black film means it was exposed to white light or the machine was fired without a receptor in the mouth.
- Spots and marks
- White spots come from fixer splashed before developing, dark spots from developer contact before processing, and thin dark or white lines from bent film, fingernail pressure, or static electricity.
- Reversed film
- A light image with a herringbone or tire-track pattern means the film packet was backward in the mouth and the beam passed through the lead foil.
- Digital artifacts
- Handle sensors and photostimulable plates carefully, since scratches, bending, and residual images from incomplete erasure appear as permanent artifacts.
- Occlusal technique
- The patient bites on a large receptor placed on the occlusal plane to show a broad area of the maxilla or mandible, useful for locating impacted teeth, salivary stones, and fractures.
- Panoramic positioning
- Align the midsagittal plane vertically and the Frankfort plane parallel to the floor, have the patient bite in the notch, place the tongue on the palate, and remove all metal jewelry and removable appliances.
- Panoramic errors
- Chin too high flattens the occlusal plane into a reverse smile, chin too low exaggerates the smile curve, forward position narrows the anterior teeth, and back position widens and blurs them.
- Ghost images
- A blurred, magnified shadow on the opposite side and higher than the real object is a ghost image, caused by dense objects such as earrings or a lead apron placed in the beam path.
- Equipment and chemistry testing
- Test processing solutions daily with a reference film or step wedge, check the darkroom for light leaks, and have x-ray output and timers checked on the schedule set by state regulation.
- Retake analysis
- Track why images are retaken so recurring technique faults are corrected at the source, which reduces both wasted time and total patient dose.
Patient Safety and Law
15% của kỳ thi- Written infection prevention program
- Every dental setting should have written infection prevention policies and procedures tailored to the practice, reviewed at least annually.· CDC Summary of Infection Prevention Practices in Dental Settings
- Assigned coordinator
- At least one trained person should be assigned responsibility for the infection prevention program, including policy updates and staff education.
- Training requirements
- Provide bloodborne pathogen training at initial assignment and at least annually thereafter, during working hours and at no cost to the employee.· OSHA 29 CFR 1910.1030
- Employee medical records
- Keep confidential employee records covering hepatitis B vaccination status, exposure incidents, and follow-up for the duration of employment plus thirty years.· OSHA 29 CFR 1910.1020
- Dental unit water quality
- Follow the equipment manufacturer's instructions for treating and testing dental unit water, since the program only works if it is monitored, not just installed.· CDC Summary of Infection Prevention Practices in Dental Settings
- Protected health information
- Any health information tied to an identifier such as name, address, birth date, phone number, or account number is protected and may not be disclosed without authorization.· HIPAA Privacy Rule, 45 CFR Part 164
- Treatment, payment, operations
- Information may be used without separate patient authorization for treatment, payment, and health care operations, but other disclosures generally require written authorization.· HIPAA Privacy Rule, 45 CFR Part 164
- Minimum necessary
- Share only the smallest amount of information needed to accomplish the purpose, and limit staff access to what each role requires.· HIPAA Privacy Rule, 45 CFR Part 164
- Notice of privacy practices
- Give each patient the practice's notice of privacy practices and obtain written acknowledgment of receipt.
- Everyday safeguards
- Angle monitors away from the reception area, do not discuss patients in hallways or elevators, log out of workstations, and never post patient photos or details on social media.
- Electronic security
- Electronic health information requires access controls, unique user logins, and encryption or equivalent safeguards.· HIPAA Security Rule, 45 CFR Part 164
- Record entries
- Write entries in ink or in the electronic record promptly and objectively, never erase or delete; correct an error with a single line through it, the correction, the date, and initials.
- Informed consent
- Valid consent requires explaining the diagnosis, the proposed treatment, the risks and benefits, reasonable alternatives, and the consequences of declining, in language the patient understands.
- Who may consent
- Consent must come from the patient if an adult with capacity, or from a parent or legal guardian for a minor, and the assistant witnesses rather than obtains consent.
- Medical history updates
- Review and update the health history at every visit, including new medications, recent hospitalizations, allergies, and pregnancy status, and have the dentist review any change.
- Vital signs and red flags
- Record baseline vital signs and flag conditions that alter treatment, such as anticoagulant therapy, bisphosphonates, uncontrolled diabetes, latex allergy, and recent cardiac events.
- Record retention and release
- Retain records for the period set by state law and release copies only with the patient's written authorization; the physical record belongs to the practice, the information belongs to the patient.
- State law governs
- Allowed duties, required credentials, and supervision levels vary by state, so always verify the current dental practice act and board rules for the state where you work.
- Levels of supervision
- Direct supervision means the dentist is in the office and authorizes and checks the work, indirect or general supervision means the dentist authorized the procedure but need not remain present, and the definitions vary by state.
- Commonly reserved to the dentist
- Diagnosis, treatment planning, prescribing, surgical procedures, and irreversible procedures are almost universally reserved to the licensed dentist.
- Expanded functions
- Duties such as coronal polishing, sealant placement, and taking radiographs typically require specific training, a state permit or certificate, or both.
- Refusing an illegal delegation
- An assistant who performs a duty outside the legal scope is personally liable, and being instructed by the dentist is not a defense.
- Standard of care
- Negligence is failing to act as a reasonably careful person with similar training would act in the same situation, and abandonment is discontinuing care without proper notice.
- Prevention and preparation
- Most emergencies are prevented by a current medical history and stress reduction; the team should hold documented emergency drills and keep everyone certified in basic life support.
- Emergency kit and oxygen
- Keep an emergency kit and oxygen accessible and checked regularly for expiration, and know where the automated external defibrillator is located.
- Syncope
- Fainting is the most common dental office emergency; place the patient supine with the legs slightly elevated, ensure an open airway, and use an ammonia inhalant if needed.
- Common presentations
- Recognize hypoglycemia treated with oral sugar in a conscious patient, asthma treated with the patient's own bronchodilator, angina treated with prescribed nitroglycerin, and anaphylaxis requiring epinephrine and emergency medical services.
- Hazard communication and safety data sheets
- Maintain a written hazard communication program, a chemical inventory, manufacturer labels, and employee training for every hazardous chemical in the office, and keep a safety data sheet for each one in the standardized sixteen-section format, readily accessible during every work shift.· OSHA 29 CFR 1910.1200
- Mercury and eyewash
- Handle amalgam scrap under approved conditions with amalgam separators and no rinsing into the drain, and provide an eyewash station where corrosive chemicals are used.· OSHA 29 CFR 1910.151
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