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Science: Biology, Chemistry, and Anatomy
The science section covers foundational biology, basic chemistry, and human anatomy and physiology. These concepts underpin the nursing curriculum and daily patient care. This chapter reviews cells, body systems, chemical basics, and how the body's structures work together.
Cells and Their Parts
The cell is the basic unit of life, and its organelles each perform specific jobs. The nucleus stores genetic material while the mitochondria produce energy. Understanding these structures is the foundation of biology.
The cell is the basic unit
All living organisms are made of one or more cells that carry out life processes.
The nucleus holds DNA
The nucleus contains the cell's genetic material and directs its activities.
Mitochondria make energy
Mitochondria produce ATP through cellular respiration and are called the powerhouse of the cell.
The membrane controls entry
The cell membrane surrounds the cell and regulates what moves in and out.
Human Body Systems
The body is organized into systems that work together to keep you alive. Each system, from circulatory to nervous, has a main function. Knowing these roles helps you understand health and disease.
Circulatory system moves blood
The heart and blood vessels transport oxygen, nutrients, and wastes throughout the body.
Respiratory system exchanges gases
The lungs take in oxygen and release carbon dioxide during breathing.
Skeletal system provides support
Bones, joints, and cartilage give the body structure and protect internal organs.
Nervous system controls responses
The brain and spinal cord process information and coordinate the body's actions.
Basic Chemistry
Chemistry explains the matter that makes up the body and the medicines used to treat it. Atoms are the building blocks of elements, and the pH scale measures acidity. These ideas support later topics in pharmacology.
Atoms are the smallest units
An atom is the smallest particle of an element that keeps that element's properties.
Subatomic particles carry charge
Protons are positive, electrons are negative, and neutrons have no charge.
The pH scale measures acidity
A pH below 7 is acidic, 7 is neutral, and above 7 is basic; pure water is neutral.
Chemical versus physical change
A chemical change forms a new substance, such as iron rusting, while a physical change only alters form.
Anatomy and Physiology
Anatomy is the study of body structures, and physiology is the study of how they function. The heart, kidneys, skin, and blood each play vital roles. Understanding both structure and function is essential for nursing.
The heart has four chambers
Two atria and two ventricles keep oxygen-rich and oxygen-poor blood separated.
Arteries and veins differ
Arteries carry blood away from the heart, while veins return blood to the heart.
Kidneys filter blood
The kidneys remove waste and excess water from the blood to form urine.
Skin is the largest organ
The skin protects the body, helps regulate temperature, and provides sensation.
Nutrients and Macromolecules
The body relies on nutrients and large biological molecules for energy and structure. Carbohydrates, proteins, and fats each serve different purposes. Knowing their roles supports the study of nutrition and metabolism.
Carbohydrates give quick energy
Carbohydrates break down into glucose, the body's fastest source of energy.
Proteins build tissue
Proteins are made of amino acids and form muscles, enzymes, and other structures.
Fats store energy
Lipids store energy long term and help build cell membranes.
Photosynthesis makes food in plants
Plants use sunlight, water, and carbon dioxide to produce glucose and oxygen.
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