Chapter 2 of 335% of exam

American History

This chapter traces American history from the colonial period and the struggle for independence, through the 1800s and the Civil War, into recent history and other important events. About 35% of the civics test comes from these topics. Knowing key people, documents, wars, and turning points will prepare you for a large share of the questions.

Colonial Period and Independence

Before Europeans arrived, American Indians lived across the land. Colonists later came seeking freedom and economic opportunity, and Africans were brought and sold as slaves. Anger over high taxes and 'taxation without representation' led the colonists to fight the British. In 1776 the colonies declared independence, and after winning the Revolutionary War they founded a new nation.

Colonists fought the British over taxes and self-government.
They objected to being taxed without representation and to British soldiers housed in their homes, leading to the Revolutionary War.
Thomas Jefferson wrote the Declaration of Independence.
It was adopted on July 4, 1776, announcing that the colonies were free from Great Britain and that all men are created equal.
There were 13 original states, the former British colonies.
They lay along the Atlantic coast and included Virginia, Massachusetts, New York, and Pennsylvania.
George Washington is called the 'Father of Our Country.'
He led the Continental Army to victory and became the first President in 1789. Benjamin Franklin was a leading diplomat and founder.

Founding the Government

After independence, the young nation needed a stronger framework than the Articles of Confederation. In 1787 delegates wrote the Constitution in Philadelphia. To win support for ratification, James Madison, Alexander Hamilton, and John Jay wrote the Federalist Papers under the name 'Publius.' These essays helped persuade the states to adopt the new plan of government.

The Constitution was written in 1787.
It replaced the weaker Articles of Confederation and created a stronger national government with three branches.
U.S. Constitution
The Federalist Papers supported ratifying the Constitution.
Written by Madison, Hamilton, and Jay, they explained and defended the new framework and helped convince the states to approve it.
The Bill of Rights was added in 1791.
These first ten amendments protect basic freedoms such as speech and religion and answered concerns that the new government might grow too powerful.
U.S. Constitution

The 1800s and the Civil War

The 1800s brought expansion and conflict. In 1803 the United States bought the Louisiana Territory from France, nearly doubling in size. Disputes over slavery, the economy, and states' rights led to the Civil War (1861-1865) between the North and the South. President Abraham Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation and preserved the Union, and the war ended slavery. Leaders like Susan B. Anthony advanced women's rights during this century.

The Louisiana Purchase (1803) doubled the nation's size.
The United States bought this vast territory from France, opening lands west of the Mississippi River to settlement.
The Civil War was fought between the North and the South.
Slavery was a central cause. The war lasted from 1861 to 1865 and ended slavery while preserving the Union.
Abraham Lincoln freed enslaved people and saved the Union.
His 1863 Emancipation Proclamation freed enslaved people in the Confederacy, and the 14th Amendment later granted citizenship to all persons born in the U.S.
14th Amendment
The women's rights movement grew in the 1800s.
Leaders such as Susan B. Anthony and Elizabeth Cady Stanton worked for equal rights, including the right to vote, later secured by the 19th Amendment.
19th Amendment

Recent American History

The 1900s saw the United States become a world power. It fought in World War I, entered World War II after Japan attacked Pearl Harbor, and led the Allies to victory. During the Cold War the main rival was the Soviet Union, and the chief concern was the spread of communism, which drew the U.S. into the Korean and Vietnam Wars. The civil rights movement, led by figures like Martin Luther King, Jr., worked to end racial discrimination.

The United States entered World War II after Pearl Harbor.
Japan's attack on December 7, 1941, brought the U.S. into the war on the side of the Allies. Franklin Roosevelt was President.
The Cold War pitted the U.S. against the Soviet Union.
The main concern was stopping the spread of communism, which led to the Korean and Vietnam Wars.
The civil rights movement fought to end racial discrimination.
Martin Luther King, Jr. led nonviolent efforts for equality, helping bring about major civil rights laws in the 1960s.
Terrorists attacked the United States on September 11, 2001.
Hijacked planes struck the World Trade Center and the Pentagon, deeply affecting national security policy.
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Last updated: July 2026

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