Skin Care & Facials
Healthy skin care starts with knowing the skin's structure and being able to recognize common conditions. This chapter covers the layers of the skin, frequently seen skin disorders, and the logic of a basic facial.
Layers of the Skin
The skin has three main layers. The epidermis is the thin outermost layer we work on most directly; its surface, the stratum corneum, is made of flattened dead cells that are shed and renewed. The dermis beneath it is thicker and alive, containing blood vessels, nerves, hair follicles, and the sweat (sudoriferous) and oil (sebaceous) glands. The deepest layer, the subcutaneous or adipose layer, is fatty tissue that insulates and contours the body. The skin protects the body, regulates temperature, and provides sensation.
Common Skin Conditions
Recognizing skin conditions helps you serve clients safely and know when to refer to a physician. A comedo is a follicle plugged with sebum and dead cells; exposed to air it darkens into a blackhead (open comedo), while a covered plug stays light as a whitehead (closed comedo). These are disorders of the oil glands and a hallmark of acne. Other terms to know include macules (flat, discolored spots), papules (small raised bumps), and hyperpigmentation from sun exposure. Any signs of active infection, inflammation, or an undiagnosed condition should be referred out.
The Basic Facial
A facial follows a logical sequence. Cleansing comes first, removing makeup, oil, sweat, and debris so later products can work. Exfoliation removes dull surface cells. Massage relaxes the client and stimulates circulation. Treatment products and masks are then selected for the client's skin type and concerns, and the service finishes with toner, moisturizer, and sun protection. Each step builds on a clean surface, which is why cleansing is never skipped.