Chapter 6 of 815% of exam

Treatment, Intervention, Prevention, and Supervision

This domain covers treatment decision-making, theories and techniques of therapy, prevention, consultation, career development, and supervision. Items frequently describe a clinician's move and ask which model it belongs to.

Readiness and individual therapies

Treatment decisions involve matching the approach to the client's readiness and problem. Each major model has a core mechanism and a characteristic therapist stance. Items typically describe a therapist's statement and ask which model it reflects.

Stages of change

Precontemplation, contemplation, preparation, action and maintenance; contemplation is awareness without commitment to act.

Prochaska & DiClemente (1983)

Motivational interviewing

Reflects ambivalence and evokes the client's own reasons for change instead of arguing.

Miller & Rollnick (2013)

Cognitive models

Beck's cognitive triad covers negative thinking about oneself, one's world and what lies ahead; in REBT the belief about the event is what gets disputed.

Beck et al. (1979); Ellis (1962)

Person-centered conditions

Congruence, unconditional positive regard and empathic understanding.

Rogers (1957)

Evidence-based techniques

The outline asks for treatment techniques and the evidence for their comparative efficacy. Specific procedures are tied to specific problems, such as exposure for obsessive-compulsive disorder. Items test both the procedure and the theory offered for why it works.

Exposure and response prevention

Facing obsession triggers while refraining from compulsions reduces compulsive behavior in OCD.

NIMH OCD publication

Dialectical behavior therapy

Developed for chronically suicidal clients with borderline personality disorder; balances acceptance and change.

Linehan (1993)

Systematic desensitization

Relaxation paired with a graded hierarchy works through reciprocal inhibition.

Wolpe (1958)

Interpersonal psychotherapy

Four problem areas: grief, role disputes, role transitions and interpersonal deficits.

Weissman, Markowitz & Klerman (2000)

Families, groups and prevention

Family and group approaches treat the system rather than only the individual. Prevention frameworks classify programs by whom they target. Family research on relapse links these areas to the treatment of serious mental illness.

Structural vs Bowen

Structural therapy works on boundaries and subsystems; Bowen therapy on differentiation of self and triangles.

Minuchin (1974); Bowen (1978)

Expressed emotion

Relatives' criticism, hostility and emotional overinvolvement predict relapse in schizophrenia.

Vaughn & Leff (1976)

Group therapeutic factors

Universality is discovering others share one's problems.

Yalom & Leszcz (2020)

Prevention levels

Universal targets everyone, selective targets higher-risk subgroups, indicated targets individuals with early signs.

Institute of Medicine (1994)

Consultation, careers and supervision

Psychologists also consult, guide career development and supervise trainees. The outline names research-based consultation models, vocational theories and supervision models. Each is tested through its defining categories or roles.

Caplan's consultation types

Client-centered case, consultee-centered case, program-centered administrative and consultee-centered administrative.

Caplan (1970)

Holland's hexagon

RIASEC order places Realistic opposite Social, Investigative opposite Enterprising, Artistic opposite Conventional.

Holland (1997)

Super's theory

Career development implements a developing self-concept across life stages and roles.

Super (1953, 1980)

Discrimination model

The supervisor moves among teacher, counselor and consultant roles.

Bernard (1979)

Working alliance

Agreement on goals, agreement on tasks, and the bond.

Bordin (1979)

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