第 4 章，共 5 章28% 占考试比重
Medical, Obstetrics & Gynecology
Medical emergencies span diabetes, stroke, seizures, allergic reactions, poisoning, behavioral crises, and childbirth. This chapter covers BLS recognition and treatment.
Assessment Tools
Structured histories and scales guide medical assessment. Consistent tools ensure nothing is missed.
SAMPLE for history
Signs/symptoms, Allergies, Medications, Past history, Last intake, Events.
OPQRST for pain
Onset, Provocation, Quality, Region/Radiation, Severity, Time.
AVPU for responsiveness
Alert, Verbal, Painful, Unresponsive quickly grades mental status.
Know normal vitals
Adult pulse 60 to 100, respirations 12 to 20, systolic BP roughly 90 to 140.
Diabetic & Neurologic Emergencies
Altered mental status often stems from blood sugar, stroke, or seizures. Rapid recognition guides treatment and transport.
Oral glucose for conscious hypoglycemia
Give only if the patient can swallow and protect the airway.
Fruity breath suggests high sugar
Deep rapid breathing and thirst point to diabetic ketoacidosis.
Screen strokes and note onset time
Use facial droop, arm drift, and speech; report last-known-well time.
Protect seizing patients
Prevent injury and manage the airway; never restrain or place objects in the mouth.
Allergy, Poisoning & Behavioral
These emergencies require prompt, specific BLS interventions. Scene and airway safety come first.
Epinephrine for anaphylaxis
Assist with the prescribed auto-injector into the outer thigh.
Activated charcoal only when appropriate
For certain oral poisonings in alert patients per medical direction; not for caustics or hydrocarbons.
Fresh air for inhaled poisons
Ensure scene safety, remove the patient, and give oxygen.
Scene safety in behavioral crises
Protect the crew and patient and call for help before restraint.
Obstetric Emergencies
Childbirth and pregnancy complications require calm, prepared care. The EMT supports mother and newborn and recognizes emergencies.
Support the head, check for a nuchal cord
Never pull the infant; let delivery proceed with contractions.
Warm, dry, and stimulate the newborn
Keep the airway clear and prevent heat loss immediately after birth.
Left-lateral for the supine pregnant patient
Relieves vena cava compression that causes dizziness and hypotension.
Prolapsed cord is an emergency
Relieve pressure, keep the part off the cord, and transport rapidly.
Respiratory & Other Medical
Breathing complaints and other complaints round out medical care. Assist with prescribed medications within protocol.
Assist with a prescribed inhaler
Help asthma patients use their own inhaler per protocol and medical direction.
Support breathing in overdose
Ventilate opioid overdose patients; naloxone follows per protocol.
Recognize worst-ever headache
A sudden severe headache may indicate a brain bleed and possible stroke.
Consider ectopic pregnancy
Abdominal or shoulder pain with shock in a woman of childbearing age is an emergency.
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