Iowa Property & Casualty Insurance License Exam — All Questions

In the Personal Auto Policy, which coverage part pays for bodily injury and property damage the insured causes to others?

• a.Part C – Uninsured Motorists
• b.Part A – Liability Coverage✓
• c.Part B – Medical Payments
• d.Part D – Coverage for Damage to Your Auto

Part A (Liability Coverage) responds when the insured is legally responsible for bodily injury or property damage to others arising out of the use of a covered auto, paying damages and providing a defense. Part B pays medical expenses for the insured and passengers, Part C covers injuries caused by uninsured or underinsured drivers, and Part D covers physical damage to the insured's own vehicle.

Under Part D of the Personal Auto Policy, collision coverage pays for damage to the insured's vehicle caused by:

• a.Fire, theft, and falling objects striking the car
• b.Injuries to pedestrians struck by the insured
• c.Impact with another vehicle or object, or upset✓
• d.Damage the insured causes to another person's car

Collision coverage pays for damage to the insured's own auto from colliding with another vehicle or object or from overturning (upset), regardless of fault. Other-than-collision (comprehensive) coverage handles losses such as fire, theft, falling objects, glass breakage, and animal strikes. Damage the insured causes to someone else's car is a liability (Part A) matter, not Part D.

Other-than-collision coverage (comprehensive) under the Personal Auto Policy would pay for loss caused by:

• a.The insured striking a guardrail
• b.The insured's car rolling over in a ditch
• c.A tree falling on the parked insured vehicle✓
• d.The insured rear-ending another car

Other-than-collision (comprehensive) coverage handles losses not caused by collision or upset, such as fire, theft, vandalism, hail, flood, glass breakage, animal strikes, and falling objects like a tree limb. Rear-ending a car, hitting a guardrail, and rolling over are all collision or upset losses covered under collision coverage, not comprehensive.

Uninsured Motorists (UM) coverage under Part C is designed to protect the insured when:

• a.An at-fault driver who injured them has no insurance✓
• b.They injure a pedestrian while backing up at home
• c.They damage their own vehicle by striking a pole
• d.Their parked car is stolen from a shopping center

Uninsured Motorists coverage steps in when the insured is injured by an at-fault driver who carries no liability insurance (and, with underinsured motorists coverage, when the at-fault driver's limits are too low). It essentially provides the liability protection the negligent driver failed to carry. Damage to the insured's own car is handled by Part D, and injuring others is a Part A liability matter.

An auto liability limit shown as split limits of 100/300/50 means the policy will pay up to:

• a.$100,000 in total for all claims from one accident
• b.$100,000 per person, $300,000 per accident, $50,000 property✓
• c.$300,000 per person and $100,000 for property damage
• d.$100,000 for each accident for property damage only

Split limits are read as bodily injury per person / bodily injury per accident / property damage per accident. So 100/300/50 means up to $100,000 for one injured person, up to $300,000 total for all bodily injury in one accident, and up to $50,000 for property damage per accident. A single combined single limit, by contrast, provides one total amount for both bodily injury and property damage.

The difference between underinsured motorists (UIM) and uninsured motorists (UM) coverage is that UIM applies when the at-fault driver:

• a.Has insurance, but limits too low to cover the injury✓
• b.Has no liability insurance in force at the time
• c.Is a family member living in the insured's household
• d.Cannot be identified after leaving the accident scene

Underinsured motorists coverage applies when the at-fault driver does carry liability insurance, but the limits are insufficient to fully pay the injured insured's damages; UIM makes up part of the shortfall. Uninsured motorists coverage applies when the at-fault driver has no liability insurance or cannot be identified (such as a hit-and-run). Both protect the innocent insured from another driver's inadequate coverage.

Which person would NOT meet the personal auto policy definition of a family member?

• a.A foster child living in the insured's household
• b.A resident brother-in-law related by marriage
• c.A roommate who rents a bedroom in the home✓
• d.A resident daughter attending college in the fall

A family member is a person related to the named insured by blood, marriage or adoption who resides in the household, and the definition reaches a ward or foster child in the insured's care. The roommate lives there but is not related to the insured, so the definition does not cover him. A son or daughter away at school is normally still treated as a household resident.

The insured's listed car is in a body shop for a week, so he drives a spare car titled to his resident son. Under the personal auto policy that spare car is:

• a.A temporary substitute for as long as repairs last
• b.Not a temporary substitute, since the son owns it✓
• c.A non-owned auto used with the son's permission
• d.A newly acquired auto once the repairs are finished

A temporary substitute has to be a vehicle the insured and his family members do not own, used because a covered auto is out of service for repair, servicing, breakdown, loss or destruction. The son is a family member, so his car fails the definition and has to be insured in its own right. Calling it a non-owned auto fails for the same ownership reason.

Which of these is NOT one of the categories that make up 'your covered auto' under a personal auto policy?

• a.A vehicle shown on the declarations of the policy
• b.Any auto a resident family member owns in her name✓
• c.A temporary substitute for a listed auto being repaired
• d.A trailer that the named insured owns outright

Your covered auto means the vehicles shown in the declarations, a newly acquired auto on the terms the policy states, any trailer the insured owns, and a temporary substitute for a listed auto that is out of use. A car titled to a resident family member is not swept in automatically; it has to be listed and rated on its own. That is why a driving-age child's own vehicle must be reported.

For personal auto policy purposes, a car fails to qualify as a non-owned auto when it is:

• a.Borrowed from a neighbor for a single afternoon
• b.Rented by the insured for a two-week holiday trip
• c.Driven by a family member with the owner's consent
• d.Furnished or available for the insured's regular use✓

A non-owned auto is a private passenger auto, pickup, van or trailer not owned by and not furnished or available for the regular use of the insured or a family member, used with permission. A company car the insured may take any day is furnished for regular use, so it sits outside the definition and needs extended non-owned coverage. An occasional borrowed or rented car does fit.

An insured runs an errand in her own covered auto for the charity she volunteers with and injures a pedestrian. The charity is sued as well. Under Part A the charity is:

• a.Covered under Part B instead of the liability part
• b.Covered only if it is named on the declarations
• c.Outside the policy, since only people are insureds
• d.An insured for its liability for her driving✓

Part A treats as an insured any person or organization that is legally responsible for the acts of someone for whom coverage applies while a covered auto is used. The charity is being held vicariously liable for the volunteer's driving of her covered auto, so it picks up that protection. It does not have to be listed on the declarations to get it.

A restaurant valet parking a guest's covered auto backs it into a parked pickup. Under the car owner's personal auto policy, the valet is:

• a.An insured, because the owner handed over the keys
• b.An insured while the auto is on the premises
• c.Not an insured, because he is not a family member
• d.Not an insured, as he is in the parking business✓

Part A withholds coverage from any person while employed or otherwise engaged in the business of selling, repairing, servicing, storing or parking vehicles, so the valet gets nothing from the car owner's policy. The restaurant's garage and garagekeepers coverage is what responds. Handing over the keys does not defeat that exclusion, and the exclusion is about the parking business, not about who is in the family.

The insurer's duty to defend an insured under Part A of the personal auto policy comes to an end when:

• a.The claimant's demand rises above the policy limit
• b.The limit is exhausted by payment of a judgment✓
• c.The suit has been pending a full policy year
• d.The insured asks the insurer to stop paying

The insurer must defend any suit asking for damages the policy covers, and it may investigate and settle as it thinks proper, but that duty ends once the limit of liability has been used up by payment of judgments or settlements. A demand that merely exceeds the limit does not end it; the money has to actually go out the door. The passage of time does not end it either.

A policy shows a $50,000 property damage limit. A $38,000 judgment is entered against the insured and the insurer spent $14,000 defending the suit. The insurer pays out:

• a.$38,000, since defense comes out of the limit
• b.$24,000, the judgment less what defense cost
• c.$50,000, the property damage limit for the loss
• d.$52,000, the judgment plus the defense costs paid✓

Defense costs under Part A are paid in addition to the limit of liability rather than out of it. The insurer pays the $38,000 judgment and separately absorbs $14,000 of defense, so $52,000 leaves the insurer and the limit itself is untouched by legal fees. Treating the $14,000 as part of the $50,000 limit is the usual error.

An at-fault insured carries 250/500/100 split limits. Three people are hurt, with claims valued at $180,000, $220,000 and $160,000. Part A bodily injury pays:

• a.$750,000, three times the per-person limit
• b.$250,000, the per-person limit for one crash
• c.$560,000, the full value of the three claims
• d.$500,000, the per-accident cap✓

With split limits the second figure caps all bodily injury arising from any one accident. Each of the three claims sits under the $250,000 per-person limit, so nothing is trimmed on that account, but the three add to $560,000 against a $500,000 per-accident cap. The insurer pays $500,000 and the insured is exposed for the remaining $60,000.

An insured with 50/100/25 limits is at fault in a crash that injures one person, whose bodily injury claim is settled at $85,000. Part A pays:

• a.$100,000, the amount available for the crash
• b.$50,000, the most payable for one person✓
• c.$85,000, since it is below the per-accident limit
• d.$35,000, the excess over the limit

The first split-limit figure caps what the policy will pay for any one person's bodily injury, so the settlement is cut to $50,000. Only one claimant is involved, which means the $100,000 per-accident figure never comes into play; that number is a ceiling on the total, not an amount available to a single person. The insured is personally exposed for the other $35,000.

An insured carries a $500,000 combined single limit. One at-fault crash produces bodily injury claims of $410,000 and property damage of $60,000. Part A pays:

• a.$250,000, half the limit for each kind of damage
• b.$470,000, the entire loss under one shared limit✓
• c.$410,000, as property damage needs a limit of its own
• d.$500,000, since the single limit is paid in full

A combined single limit puts one amount at the disposal of bodily injury and property damage together for any one accident. The two claims add to $470,000, which is inside the $500,000 limit, so the whole loss is paid and $30,000 of limit is left over. Split limits of 100/300/50 on the same facts would have paid only $150,000, which is the point of the comparison.

The insurer appeals a judgment entered against its insured and an appeal bond has to be posted. Under the supplementary payments the insurer pays:

• a.The full face amount of the bond required
• b.The bond premium up to $250 per accident
• c.Nothing, since bonds are the insured's expense
• d.The premium on an appeal bond in a suit it defends✓

Supplementary payments cover the premium on appeal bonds in suits the insurer defends, along with premiums on bonds to release attachments, and they are paid on top of the limit of liability. The insurer does not have to hand over the face amount of the bond itself. The $250 figure belongs to bail bonds and has nothing to do with an appeal bond premium.

At the insurer's request an insured attends three days of hearings and loses $150 of pay on each of those days. The supplementary payments pay her:

• a.$450, her actual earnings lost✓
• b.$200, the daily cap for a single day
• c.$600, three days at the daily cap
• d.Nothing, because attendance was voluntary

The policy pays up to $200 a day for loss of earnings when an insured attends hearings or trials at the insurer's request, so the cap only bites when the real loss is larger. Three days of genuine loss at $150 comes to $450, and the $200 figure is a ceiling rather than a fixed daily benefit. Attendance requested by the insurer is not voluntary.

Following a covered accident, the insured is required to post a bail bond of $180. Under the supplementary payments the insurer pays:

• a.$180 and reduces the liability limit by that sum
• b.$250, the stated maximum for a bail bond
• c.Nothing, as bail is a criminal matter
• d.$180, the amount actually required here✓

The bail bond supplementary payment is up to $250 for bonds required because of an accident or traffic law violation arising out of the use of a covered auto, so a $180 bond is paid in full and no more. The $250 figure is a maximum, not an automatic payment. Supplementary payments sit on top of the limit of liability and do not reduce it.

An insured backs his covered auto through the door of the garage attached to his own house, causing $6,000 of damage. Part A property damage coverage:

• a.Pays the $6,000 as damage done to another party
• b.Pays after the homeowners deductible is applied
• c.Does not pay for property the insured owns himself✓
• d.Pays half of it, since the insured is only a part owner

Liability coverage answers for damage to the property of others, and Part A specifically excludes property damage to property owned by or being transported by the insured. The garage belongs to the insured, so the loss belongs to his homeowners policy rather than to his auto liability limit. Treating it as third-party damage misses that a person cannot be liable to himself.

An insured drives passengers for a ride-hailing app and causes $22,000 of bodily injury during a paid trip. Part A liability coverage:

• a.Does not apply to any trip with a passenger aboard
• b.Applies, since the insured owns the covered auto
• c.Applies up to the property damage limit only
• d.Does not apply, as passengers were carried for a fee✓

Part A excludes liability while a covered auto is used to carry persons or property for a fee, which is exactly what a paid ride-hailing trip is. That exclusion carves out a share-the-expense car pool, so riders chipping in for gas leaves coverage intact and a passenger on board is not itself a problem. Paid driving needs a commercial or ride-hailing endorsement.

A resident daughter owns a car titled in her own name that is not listed on her parents' personal auto policy. If she causes an accident in it, the parents' Part A:

• a.Pays as excess over her own liability coverage
• b.Pays, because she meets the family member test
• c.Pays up to the property damage limit of the policy
• d.Excludes a car furnished for her regular use✓

Part A excludes vehicles other than a covered auto that are owned by or furnished for the regular use of a family member, so the daughter's own car has to carry its own policy. There is an exception that runs the other way: if a parent who is the named insured drives that car, the parents' liability coverage does respond. Being a family member does not pull an unlisted owned vehicle onto the policy.

A resident teenager takes the family's listed sedan without asking a parent first and causes an accident. Part A liability coverage:

• a.Is void, since the parents did not give consent
• b.Applies, a family member drove a covered auto✓
• c.Excludes him, as he had no permission
• d.Applies only to the property damage portion here

The exclusion for using a vehicle without a reasonable belief of being entitled to do so has an exception for a family member using a covered auto that the named insured owns. The teenager is a family member driving the listed sedan, so Part A responds in full rather than for property damage alone. The exclusion is aimed at a stranger who takes a car, not at a household member's use of the family vehicle.

Part B medical payments coverage on a personal auto policy applies to a neighbor who is:

• a.Struck as a pedestrian by a passing driver
• b.Riding as a passenger in the covered auto✓
• c.Hurt in a fall on the insured's steps
• d.Injured while driving her own sedan

Part B covers the named insured and family members while occupying any auto and when struck as pedestrians, but other people only while they are occupying the covered auto. A neighbor riding along is therefore covered, while the same neighbor hurt in her own car or as a pedestrian is not. A fall on the front steps is a homeowners medical payments matter.

A policy shows $10,000 of medical payments per person. In one crash the insured driver incurs $12,500 of medical bills and a passenger incurs $4,000. Part B pays:

• a.$16,500, the total of both persons' bills
• b.$14,000, capping the driver at his own limit✓
• c.$20,000, two persons at the stated limit
• d.$10,000, the per-person limit for the crash

The medical payments limit applies separately to each injured person, so the driver's $12,500 is trimmed to $10,000 while the passenger's $4,000 is paid in full, giving $14,000. Paying both bills as billed ignores the per-person limit, and there is no accident cap here that would reduce the total further.

Under an unendorsed personal auto policy, a hit-and-run vehicle counts as an uninsured motor vehicle when:

• a.It is owned by a government body of any kind
• b.The insured reports it to the police promptly
• c.It hits the insured or the covered auto✓
• d.It carries limits below the insured's own

The unendorsed definition contemplates a vehicle whose driver and owner cannot be identified and which strikes the insured, a family member or the covered auto; many states broaden this so a no-contact phantom vehicle qualifies when there is corroborating evidence. Reporting to the police is a duty the insured owes, not the test of what the vehicle is. A vehicle with low but real limits is an underinsured motorist question.

An insured injured by an uninsured driver signs a release with that driver for $3,000 without telling her own insurer. Her uninsured motorists claim:

• a.Must be arbitrated before the insurer pays it
• b.Is unaffected, since the release names another
• c.May be lost, as the release ends subrogation✓
• d.Is reduced by the $3,000 and otherwise paid

Part C withholds coverage from an insured who settles with a party who may be liable without the insurer's consent and thereby destroys its right to recover. Simply deducting the $3,000 assumes the insurer still has a claim against the uninsured driver, but the release has extinguished it. Arbitration settles the amount of a disputed claim; it is not a cure for a broken subrogation right.

An insured's damages are valued at $90,000. The at-fault driver's insurer pays its $25,000 limit. The insured carries $100,000 of underinsured motorists coverage. Part C adds:

• a.$25,000, matching what the other insurer paid
• b.Nothing, since the other driver did carry insurance
• c.$65,000, the damages the other limit left unpaid✓
• d.$100,000, the full underinsured motorists limit

Underinsured motorists coverage, offered as an option in most states, fills the gap between what the at-fault driver's limits pay and the insured's actual damages, up to the underinsured limit. Damages of $90,000 less the $25,000 already recovered leaves $65,000 unpaid, and that sits well inside the $100,000 limit. Coverage is not forfeited merely because the other driver carried some insurance.

A driver rounds a bend and drives into a large branch already lying across the road, causing $2,600 of damage. The policy carries a $1,000 collision and a $250 other-than-collision deductible. The insurer pays:

• a.$1,600, as striking an object is a collision loss✓
• b.$2,600, since no deductible applies to debris
• c.$1,350, the damage less both of the deductibles
• d.$2,350, treating a fallen branch as comprehensive

Driving into an object lying in the road is impact with an object, which is collision, so the $1,000 collision deductible applies and $2,600 less $1,000 leaves $1,600. Had the branch fallen onto the car instead, it would be a falling-object loss settled as other than collision with the $250 deductible. Only one deductible is applied to one loss.

An insured's car is destroyed in a collision. Its actual cash value is $6,400, the collision deductible is $500, and the wreck still has scrap value. The insurer:

• a.Pays $5,900 and may keep the salvage✓
• b.Pays $6,400 and leaves the wreck with the insured
• c.Pays $5,900 and bills the insured for the towing
• d.Pays the cost of a comparable new car

Physical damage losses are settled at actual cash value, which is replacement cost less depreciation, and the deductible comes off: $6,400 less $500 leaves $5,900. When it pays a total loss the insurer may keep the damaged property, which is how the scrap value is accounted for. Replacement with a brand-new vehicle is not what the unendorsed policy promises.

After a covered collision an insured's only car sits in the shop for 40 days while she rents a car at $25 a day. On the standard form, transportation expenses are reimbursed as:

• a.$600, the maximum the standard form allows✓
• b.$800, forty days at the $20 daily figure
• c.$1,000, since the daily cost was truly incurred
• d.$975, allowing one day for the waiting period

The standard form pays $20 a day toward transportation expenses with a $600 maximum for any one loss, so the daily rate is capped at $20 no matter what the rental really costs and the running total is capped as well. Even forty days at $20 would come to $800, which the $600 ceiling cuts back. Reimbursing the actual $25 a day ignores both caps.

A parked car's engine block cracks during a hard freeze and the repair comes to $3,100. Under Part D the loss is:

• a.Excluded, as freezing is not a covered cause✓
• b.Paid in full since the car was parked
• c.Paid under collision, as the block cracked
• d.Paid under other than collision, less the deductible

Part D excludes loss due to freezing, alongside wear and tear, mechanical or electrical breakdown, and road damage to tires, so the insured pays for the cracked block. Freezing sounds like weather damage, which is why candidates reach for other than collision, but the exclusion applies whichever physical damage coverage is in force.

A thief smashes a window of the insured's covered auto and takes a $1,400 laptop from the seat. Under Part D the insurer pays for:

• a.The laptop and the window, less one deductible
• b.Neither item, since Part D excludes theft
• c.The laptop only, as theft is comprehensive
• d.The window, as the laptop is not covered property✓

Part D insures the covered auto and its equipment, so the broken window is an other-than-collision loss subject to that deductible, but personal belongings carried in the car are not covered property. The laptop is a contents claim for a homeowners or renters policy. Theft is squarely an other-than-collision peril, so treating the whole claim as excluded is wrong.

An insured is injured by a hit-and-run driver and wants to claim under Part C. Part E requires that she:

• a.Obtain a judgment against the unknown driver
• b.Wait until the police have identified the driver
• c.Exhaust her own collision coverage beforehand
• d.Promptly notify the police of the incident✓

Part E adds duties for anyone seeking uninsured motorists coverage: promptly notify the police if a hit-and-run driver is involved, and promptly send the insurer copies of the legal papers if suit is brought against the other driver. Nothing requires suing a driver nobody can identify, and uninsured motorists coverage is not written as excess over the insured's own physical damage.

Before a damaged covered auto goes in for repair, the duties in Part E require the insured to:

• a.Obtain three written estimates from body shops
• b.Pay the deductible to the repair facility
• c.Let the insurer inspect and appraise the auto✓
• d.Get written approval from the car's lienholder

For a physical damage claim the insured must take reasonable steps after a loss to protect the auto from further damage and must permit the insurer to inspect and appraise the damaged property before it is repaired or disposed of. Collecting three competing estimates is a common shop practice rather than a policy condition, and the lienholder has no say in when repairs begin.

An insured inflates a genuine $2,000 physical damage claim to $9,000 with invented repairs. Under the general provisions of the policy:

• a.Coverage is not provided to him for the whole loss✓
• b.The insurer pays the honest $2,000 and closes it
• c.The claim is reduced under the policy's fraud penalty
• d.The insurer pays, then sues for the difference

The fraud provision states that coverage is not provided to any insured who has made fraudulent statements or engaged in fraudulent conduct in connection with an accident or loss for which coverage is sought. The consequence falls on the whole claim rather than on the padded part alone, so paying the honest portion understates what the provision does. The policy carries no scheduled fraud penalty.

An insured plans to drive her covered auto to a beach resort in another country for two weeks. The policy territory provision means she:

• a.Is covered while the car stays registered here
• b.Loses coverage for the rest of the term
• c.Is covered because the trip starts at home
• d.Needs separate coverage written in that country✓

The policy territory is the United States of America, its territories and possessions, Puerto Rico and Canada, together with the period an auto is being transported between their ports. A trip beyond that falls outside the territory, so a policy written in the destination country is needed. Where the car is registered does not stretch the territory, and the trip does not void the rest of the term.

An insured who carries the towing and labor costs endorsement has a dead battery in a car park and calls for roadside help. The endorsement:

• a.Pays towing and labor at that spot✓
• b.Pays only if a covered peril caused the trouble
• c.Pays for the new battery the mechanic fits
• d.Pays only if the car is towed to a dealer

The towing and labor endorsement pays a small stated amount for towing and for labor performed at the place of disablement, and it applies whether or not the cause of the disablement is an insured physical damage peril. Parts fitted to the car, such as a replacement battery, remain the insured's own cost, and the destination of the tow is not a condition.

A named non-owner policy differs from an ordinary personal auto policy because it:

• a.Covers a car furnished for regular use
• b.Follows the person, not a listed vehicle✓
• c.Provides physical damage on rented cars too
• d.Covers a listed auto that the applicant leases

A named non-owner policy is written for an individual who owns no vehicle and covers that person's liability while using borrowed or rented autos, so it attaches to the driver rather than to a described auto. It does not reach a vehicle furnished for the insured's regular use, which is what extended non-owned coverage is for, and physical damage on a rental is not part of the basic form.

On a business auto policy, the numeric symbols entered beside each coverage on the declarations:

• a.Define which autos a given coverage applies to✓
• b.Indicate where each auto is garaged
• c.Set the deductible that applies to that coverage
• d.Show the rating class for each listed vehicle

Covered auto designation symbols tell you which group of autos a particular coverage reaches, such as any auto, owned autos, specifically described autos, hired autos or non-owned autos, and each line of coverage can carry a different symbol. Deductibles, rating classes and garaging locations all appear elsewhere on the declarations.

A contractor rents a box truck for a month and the driver wrecks it in an at-fault collision. The firm carries hired auto liability only. Damage to the rented truck is:

• a.Covered by the liability part as property
• b.Covered once the rental firm's policy pays
• c.Not covered without hired auto physical damage✓
• d.Covered, as the truck is a hired covered auto

Hired auto liability answers for injury and damage the firm causes to others while using a rented vehicle; damage to the rented vehicle itself is the firm's own property loss and needs hired auto physical damage coverage. Liability coverage will not do it, since it excludes property in the insured's care, which is what a rented truck is.

A florist's employees deliver arrangements in their own cars. The exposure the shop should insure is:

• a.Non-owned auto liability coverage✓
• b.Physical damage on each employee's own car
• c.Garagekeepers coverage for customers' cars
• d.Hired auto liability for vehicles it borrows

A business is exposed to vicarious liability when employees run its errands in their own vehicles, and non-owned auto liability answers that exposure on the business auto policy. Hired auto liability picks up vehicles the firm rents or borrows, a different group of autos, and collision damage to an employee's own car stays on that employee's personal policy.

A landscaping company asks to add a truck titled to the corporation to the owner's personal auto policy. The correct response is that the truck:

• a.Belongs on the owner's policy as a non-owned auto
• b.Belongs on a business auto policy of its own✓
• c.May be listed with a business use surcharge
• d.May be listed if the owner drives it home nightly

The personal auto policy is built for individuals and for vehicles owned by an individual or a married couple, so a truck titled to a corporation and used in the business is not eligible and belongs on a business auto policy. Where it is parked overnight changes neither the title nor the commercial exposure, and a vehicle the insured's own company owns is not a non-owned auto.