3 questions

Criminal Law & Procedure

At common law, murder is generally defined as the unlawful killing of another human being with:

  • a.Ordinary negligence
  • b.Malice aforethought
  • c.No mental state required
  • d.A written confession

Common-law murder is the unlawful killing of another with malice aforethought, which includes intent to kill, intent to cause serious bodily harm, reckless indifference to human life, or intent to commit a dangerous felony. Modern statutes often divide homicide into degrees and vary by jurisdiction.

Criminal Law & Procedure

Under Miranda, warnings are generally required before:

  • a.Any conversation with a police officer
  • b.A routine traffic stop with no questioning
  • c.A custodial interrogation of a suspect
  • d.Filing any criminal charge

Miranda warnings are generally required before a custodial interrogation, meaning questioning after a suspect is in custody or otherwise deprived of freedom in a significant way. Voluntary statements not prompted by interrogation are typically not barred.

Criminal Law & Procedure

The Fourth Amendment generally protects against:

  • a.Unreasonable searches and seizures, typically requiring a warrant based on probable cause subject to exceptions
  • b.All questioning by police
  • c.Being tried twice for the same offense
  • d.Cruel and unusual punishment

The Fourth Amendment protects against unreasonable searches and seizures; searches generally require a warrant supported by probable cause, though numerous recognized exceptions exist. Double jeopardy and cruel-and-unusual-punishment protections come from other amendments.

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