第 1 章，共 4 章30% 占考试比重
Hazmat Regulations, Classes, and Shipping Papers
Hazardous materials regulations exist to contain the product, communicate its risks, and ensure safe transportation. This chapter explains how materials are classified, how the Hazardous Materials Table works, what shipping papers must contain, and the responsibilities you carry as a driver with a hazmat endorsement. Mastering these basics is the foundation for everything else on the test.
The Purpose and Intent of the Regulations
The hazardous materials regulations are built around three goals: containing the material in proper packaging, communicating the hazard to everyone in the transportation chain, and transporting the material safely. Everyone from the shipper to the carrier to the driver shares responsibility for meeting these goals. Understanding the intent helps you make good decisions when a situation is not spelled out exactly.
Containment
Materials must be packaged so they do not leak or escape during normal transportation.
Communication
Shipping papers, markings, labels, and placards warn others of the hazard class involved.
Safe transportation
Drivers must follow loading, routing, parking, and handling rules to prevent releases.
Shared responsibility
Shipper, carrier, and driver each have duties defined by the regulations.
Hazard Classes and Divisions
Hazardous materials are grouped into nine hazard classes based on the type of danger they present. Each placard and shipping paper reflects the class or division of the material. Knowing the classes helps you recognize what you are carrying and how to respond in an emergency.
Class 1 and 2
Class 1 is explosives (divisions 1.1 to 1.6); Class 2 is gases (flammable, non-flammable, poisonous).
Class 3 and 4
Class 3 is flammable and combustible liquids; Class 4 is flammable solids and spontaneously combustible materials.
Class 5 and 6
Class 5 is oxidizers and organic peroxides; Class 6 is poisons and infectious substances.
Class 7 and 8
Class 7 is radioactive materials; Class 8 is corrosives such as acids and bases.
Class 9
Class 9 is miscellaneous hazardous materials that do not fit the other classes.
Using the Hazardous Materials Table
The Hazardous Materials Table is the key tool the shipper uses to identify a material and determine its shipping name, hazard class, identification number, packing group, and required labels. Symbols in the first column change how an entry is used. Drivers benefit from understanding the table because it explains the descriptions found on shipping papers.
Proper shipping name
The regulated name shown in regular type must be used on papers and packages; brand names cannot substitute.
Identification number
The four-digit UN or NA number identifies the material for responders and appears on papers and some placards.
Plus (+) symbol
Locks the shipping name, hazard class, and packing group even if the material does not meet the class definition.
Letter G
A generic name requiring the specific technical name to be added in parentheses on the shipping paper.
Packing group
Roman numerals I, II, and III show the degree of danger, with I being the greatest.
Shipping Papers
Shipping papers describe a hazmat shipment and must travel with it. They must clearly distinguish hazardous materials from other cargo and follow a standardized description order. The shipper certifies the shipment is properly prepared, and the driver must keep the papers where responders can find them.
Basic description order
List identification number, proper shipping name, hazard class, then packing group.
Distinguishing entries
Highlight hazmat by listing it first, printing it in a contrasting color, or marking an X in the HM column.
Total quantity and certification
Papers must show the total quantity, unit of measure, and the shipper's signed certification.
RQ marking
RQ shows a reportable quantity of a hazardous substance is present, which must be reported if released.
Location while driving
Keep papers in the door pouch or on the seat within reach; leave them on the seat or in the pouch when you leave the truck.
Driver Responsibilities and the Hazmat Endorsement
Drivers who transport placardable amounts of hazardous materials must hold an H endorsement, which requires a knowledge test and a security background check. Beyond credentials, the driver must inspect the shipment, refuse leaking packages, and carry emergency response information. These duties protect the public and emergency responders.
Hazmat endorsement
Required to haul placardable amounts; obtained by passing a knowledge test and TSA security threat assessment.
Inspect before transport
Confirm the shipment is properly described, marked, labeled, and not leaking before accepting it.
Refuse unsafe shipments
Never transport a leaking or improperly prepared hazardous materials package.
Emergency response information
Carry information such as the Emergency Response Guidebook data for the materials being hauled.
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