Task 1 — Preparatory techniques and physical agent modalities
In the Occupational Therapy Practice Framework, these are "interventions to support occupations": methods and tasks that prepare the client for occupational performance, used as part of a treatment session in preparation for or concurrently with occupations and activities[1]. Physical agent modalities (PAMs) — such as superficial heat, cryotherapy, and electrotherapy — fall in this category. The defining principle is that they prepare the client for occupation-based intervention; they are not standalone treatments.
- Match the modality to the goal. A PAM is selected because it addresses a barrier (pain, edema, limited tissue extensibility) that is blocking participation in a valued occupation.
- Reassess the barrier. If the modality is not changing the targeted client factor, continuing it does not serve the plan.
- Document the link to occupation. The record should show why the preparatory intervention was needed and what occupation it enabled.
- Never the whole plan. The OTPF describes PAMs as modalities to prepare the client for occupational performance that should be part of a broader plan and not used exclusively[2]; examples include decreasing pain, assisting wound healing or edema control, or preparing muscles for movement[2].
- Check safety first. Before any PAM, the OTR checks precautions and contraindications for this client (sensation, circulation, implants, healing tissue); the practitioner is responsible for client safety throughout the process[3].
Wound care and pressure injury prevention
OTRs address wounds and pressure injuries within their scope, emphasizing prevention, positioning, and referral.
- Pressure injuries are areas of damaged skin caused by staying in one position for too long[4]. Prevention includes keeping skin clean and dry, changing position every two hours, and using pillows and products that relieve pressure[4].
- Know the burn degrees. First-degree burns damage only the outer layer of skin[5]. Second-degree burns damage the outer layer and the layer underneath[5]. Third-degree burns damage or destroy the deepest layer of skin and tissues underneath[6].
- Know where they form. Pressure sores commonly form where bones are close to the skin, such as the ankles, back, elbows, heels, and hips[7]; wheelchair users and people who cannot change position are at risk.
- Refer appropriately. Wounds showing signs of infection, stalled healing, or beyond the OTR's scope go to the wound care team or physician promptly.
Task 4 — Orthotics and prosthetics
The OTR designs, fabricates, fits, and trains clients in orthoses (splints/braces) and prostheses, and prepares the residual limb for prosthetic use.
- Orthoses support, align, protect, or improve function of a body part. The OTR selects the design based on the client's goals and monitors fit, skin integrity, and wear schedule.
- Prosthetic preparation. Shrinkers and liners provide continuous force compression to the residual limb[8], shaping it for prosthetic fitting.
- Desensitization. Areas of hypersensitivity on the residual limb should be addressed through desensitization techniques which include massage, use of desensitization media, and progressive loading of the residual limb[8].
- Shrinker schedule. The guideline instructs the client to keep wearing the shrinker when not wearing the liner and during sleep[9].
- Wear schedule for a new prosthesis. Initially the prosthesis should be worn no more than 15 to 30 minutes, two to three times daily[9]; if limb inspection shows no problems, wearing time increases in 30-minute increments, two to three times daily[9]. Training covers daily residual-limb inspection, care of the prosthesis, and the progressive wear schedule[9].
- Control before function. For safety, the patient should master basic operation of the prosthesis before functional training begins[9]. Myoelectric prostheses cannot be immersed in water because they are not water resistant[9].
- Phantom experiences. Phantom limb sensations are non-painful perceptions of the missing limb[9]; phantom limb pain is pain perceived in the amputated limb[9]. Candidates who mix the two up miss the management question.
- Training matters as much as the device. An orthosis or prosthesis only works if the client can don/doff it, care for the skin, and integrate the device into daily occupations.
Key numbers to remember
- Domain 3 is 38% of the exam — about 69 of 180 items, the largest domain[10].
- Change position every two hours to prevent pressure sores[4].
- New prosthesis: 15 to 30 minutes, two to three times daily at first[9], increasing in 30-minute steps[9].
Key takeaways
- Preparatory methods and PAMs prepare the client for occupational performance; they support, not replace, occupation-based intervention[1].
- Prevent pressure injuries with position changes every two hours, skin care, and pressure-relieving surfaces[4].
- For prosthetic readiness: compression shaping plus desensitization of hypersensitive areas[8].
Chapter 3 quiz
1. An OTR applies a physical agent modality before having a client practice dressing. The primary justification for the modality is that it:
- A. It counts as a billable unit whatever the client's response.
- B. It is the only intervention needed for the dressing goal.
- C. It is part of the facility's standard daily protocol.
- D. It prepares the client for the occupation that follows.
2. A client in a wheelchair is at risk for pressure injuries. The OTR's prevention teaching should emphasize:
- A. Sitting as still as possible to limit friction on the skin.
- B. Changing position often and keeping skin clean and dry.
- C. Applying heat to the seat to improve local circulation.
- D. Using a thin cushion so the skin builds tolerance to pressure.
3. A client has a burn that damaged only the outer layer of skin. This is classified as:
- A. A first-degree burn.
- B. A second-degree burn.
- C. A third-degree burn.
- D. A partial-thickness burn with blisters.
4. A burn that damages the outer layer and the layer underneath is classified as:
- A. A first-degree burn.
- B. A superficial burn.
- C. A second-degree burn.
- D. A third-degree burn.
5. After a transradial amputation, the OTR issues a shrinker for the residual limb. The purpose of the shrinker is to:
- A. Reduce sensation in the limb before prosthetic training.
- B. Apply continuous compression that shapes the limb for fitting.
- C. Protect the incision until the sutures are removed.
- D. Hold the elbow still to prevent a flexion contracture.
6. A client with a new upper-limb prosthesis reports hypersensitivity where the liner contacts the residual limb. The OTR should first:
- A. Stop wearing the prosthesis until the sensitivity resolves.
- B. Apply a cold pack to numb the area before each use.
- C. Refer to the physician for a change in pain medication.
- D. Begin desensitization: massage, media, and graded loading.
7. Which documentation best supports the use of a preparatory modality in a session?
- A. The barrier addressed, the response, and the occupation it enabled.
- B. The device settings, duration, and treatment area used.
- C. A statement that the modality followed the facility routine.
- D. The total minutes of the session spent on the modality.
8. An OTR notices a wound with increasing redness, warmth, and drainage during a session. The most appropriate action is to:
- A. Continue the plan and recheck the wound next week.
- B. Apply a thermal modality to increase blood flow to the area.
- C. Stop the session and refer promptly for medical assessment.
- D. Document the findings and proceed with the session.
9. A client asks why the OTR is spending session time on edema control before cooking practice. The best explanation is that:
- A. Edema control is unrelated to cooking and can be dropped.
- B. Less swelling prepares the hand for the cooking task.
- C. Payers require edema treatment before functional work.
- D. Cooking is unsafe until all swelling has resolved.
10. For a client being fitted with an upper-limb prosthesis, the OTR's training should prioritize:
- A. A full-day wearing schedule from the first day of delivery.
- B. Donning and doffing, limb inspection, and a graded wear schedule.
- C. Functional task training before basic control is mastered.
- D. Wearing the prosthesis only during therapy sessions.
11. Which statement about pressure injuries is correct?
- A. They result from staying in one position for too long.
- B. They occur only in clients who already have an infection.
- C. They cannot be prevented once a client uses a wheelchair.
- D. They form mainly on the feet and seldom on the hips.
12. An OTR is deciding whether to continue a PAM that has shown no change in the targeted client factor after several sessions. The OTR should:
- A. Continue it, since it was written into the original plan.
- B. Increase the intensity until a change is seen.
- C. Discontinue or replace it and document the clinical reasoning.
- D. Keep it but apply it to a different goal area.
Chapter 3 answer key
1. D. The OTPF defines PAMs as modalities that prepare the client for occupational performance and says they should be part of a broader plan and not used exclusively. A facility protocol is the tempting justification, but a routine does not justify a PAM; its link to the client's occupation does.[1, 2]
2. B. MedlinePlus lists the prevention measures: keeping skin clean and dry, changing position every two hours, and using pillows and products that relieve pressure. Sitting still is the tempting error because it reduces friction, but staying in one position too long is exactly what causes pressure sores.[4]
3. A. First-degree burns damage only the outer layer of skin. Second-degree burns also damage the layer underneath, which is why blistering partial-thickness burns are the tempting wrong answer; third-degree burns destroy the deepest layer and tissue beneath it.[5, 6]
4. C. MedlinePlus defines second-degree burns as damaging the outer layer and the layer underneath. Third-degree is the tempting overcall: it damages or destroys the deepest layer of skin and the tissue underneath, not just the second layer.[5, 6]
5. B. The VA/DoD guideline states that shrinkers and liners provide continuous force compression to the residual limb, which controls volume and shapes it for socket fitting; it is worn when the liner is off and during sleep. Protecting the incision is tempting, but that is the role of the surgical dressing, over which the shrinker is later applied.[8, 9]
6. D. The VA/DoD guideline directs that hypersensitive areas on the residual limb be addressed through desensitization: massage, desensitization media and progressive loading. Stopping wear is the tempting choice, but it removes the graded input that builds tolerance and delays prosthetic use.[8]
7. A. The Standards require documentation of the services provided, and the OTPF says PAMs must be part of a broader plan: the note shows why the modality was skilled by linking it to a barrier, the client's response and the occupation it enabled. Settings and duration are tempting because they are required details, but alone they do not show purpose or effect.[2, 3]
8. C. The practitioner is responsible for client safety and refers when the client's needs are best served by another professional; redness, warmth and drainage suggest infection. Documenting and proceeding is tempting because documentation is required, but recording a warning sign is not acting on it.[3]
9. B. Edema control is an intervention to support occupations: the OTPF lists PAMs to assist edema control or prepare for movement to enhance occupational performance. Waiting until all swelling resolves is tempting as the safe option, but graded use of the hand in cooking is part of the plan, not something to postpone.[1, 2]
10. B. The VA/DoD guideline has training cover donning and doffing, daily residual-limb inspection, care of the prosthesis and a progressive wear schedule, starting at 15 to 30 minutes two to three times a day. Functional training is tempting because it is the goal, but the guideline says basic operation should be mastered first, for safety.[9]
11. A. MedlinePlus defines pressure sores as areas of damaged skin caused by staying in one position for too long, and lists position changes and pressure-relieving products as prevention. The claim that wheelchair users cannot prevent them is the tempting fatalism; regular pressure relief and cushions are exactly how they are prevented.[4]
12. C. The Standards require the therapist to modify the plan throughout intervention and document changes; a PAM that is not changing its target is not serving the plan, and the OTPF says PAMs belong in a broader plan rather than standing alone. Raising the intensity is tempting, but it adds risk without evidence that the modality works for this client.[2, 3]
Sources cited in this excerpt
- Occupational Therapy Practice Framework: Domain and Process, 4th Edition. American Occupational Therapy Association. https://www.aota.org/practice/otpf
- Occupational Therapy Practice Framework: Domain and Process, 4th ed. (2020). American Occupational Therapy Association. https://www.aota.org/practice/otpf
- Standards of Practice for Occupational Therapy (2021). American Occupational Therapy Association. https://www.aota.org/practice/standards
- Pressure Ulcers. MedlinePlus (U.S. National Library of Medicine). https://medlineplus.gov/pressureulcers.html
- Burns. MedlinePlus (U.S. National Library of Medicine). https://medlineplus.gov/burns.html
- Burns. MedlinePlus, U.S. National Library of Medicine. https://medlineplus.gov/burns.html
- Pressure Sores. MedlinePlus, U.S. National Library of Medicine. https://medlineplus.gov/pressureulcers.html
- VA/DoD Clinical Practice Guideline for Upper Limb Amputation Rehabilitation. https://www.aaaceus.com/Courses/Articles/NL0215A_article1.pdf
- VA/DoD Clinical Practice Guideline for the Management of Upper Extremity Amputation Rehabilitation (2014). U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs / Department of Defense. https://www.aaaceus.com/Courses/Articles/NL0215A_article1.pdf
- NBCOT Certification Examination Handbook (archived August 2024). National Board for Certification in Occupational Therapy. https://www.nbcot.org/exam-handbook