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  • Última actualización: septiembre de 2026.
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Basic Math for the HESI A2

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Common denominator for add/subtract
Rewrite each fraction with the least common denominator, then add or subtract only the numerators and keep the denominator the same.
Multiply straight across
To multiply fractions, multiply the numerators together and the denominators together, then reduce the result.
Divide by the reciprocal
To divide by a fraction, flip the second fraction and multiply. For example, 3/8 divided by 1/2 equals 3/8 times 2/1.
Reduce to lowest terms
Divide the numerator and denominator by their greatest common factor so the final answer is fully simplified.
Align the decimal points
When adding or subtracting, stack the numbers so the decimal points line up, adding zeros as placeholders if needed.
Count decimal places when multiplying
Multiply as whole numbers, then place the decimal point so the product has as many decimal places as the two factors combined.
Move the decimal when dividing by a decimal
Shift the decimal in the divisor to make it a whole number and move the dividend's decimal the same number of places.
Round using the next digit
To round, look at the digit just to the right of the target place. If it is 5 or more, round up; if it is less than 5, round down.
Write ratios consistently
Keep the same order of comparison on both sides of a proportion, such as nurses to patients on both the left and right.
Cross multiply to solve
In a/b = c/d, multiply a by d and b by c, set them equal, then solve for the unknown.
Use unit rates
Divide to find how much of one quantity corresponds to a single unit of another, such as miles per gallon.
Check that units match
Make sure the labels line up correctly so you compare like quantities, such as milligrams with milligrams.
Percent to decimal
Divide a percent by 100, or move the decimal point two places to the left, so 25% becomes 0.25.
Find a percent of a number
Convert the percent to a decimal and multiply, so 25% of 80 equals 0.25 times 80, which is 20.
Percent one number is of another
Divide the part by the whole and multiply by 100, so 15 out of 60 is 25%.
Percent change
Divide the amount of change by the original value, then multiply by 100 to get percent increase or decrease.
Metric prefixes shift by 1000
There are 1000 milligrams in a gram, 1000 grams in a kilogram, and 1000 milliliters in a liter.
Pounds to kilograms
Divide pounds by 2.2 to get kilograms, since one kilogram equals about 2.2 pounds.
Celsius to Fahrenheit
Multiply the Celsius temperature by 9/5 and add 32, so 37 degrees Celsius equals 98.6 degrees Fahrenheit.
Set up dimensional analysis
Write conversion factors as fractions so unwanted units cancel and the desired unit remains.

Reading Comprehension

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Ask what the passage is mostly about
Summarize the paragraph in one sentence; that summary usually captures the main idea.
Look at the first and last sentences
Topic sentences frequently appear at the start or end of a paragraph and state the central point.
Separate main idea from details
A detail explains or supports the main idea; it is narrower and more specific than the central point.
Avoid answers that are too broad or too narrow
The correct main idea covers the whole passage without going beyond what the text actually says.
Scan for key words
Match names, numbers, or terms from the question to the same words in the passage to find the answer quickly.
Choose only what is stated
For fact questions, pick the option that is directly supported by the text rather than what seems likely.
Watch for negative questions
When a question asks what is NOT true or what you should NOT do, eliminate the options the passage supports.
Beware of close distractors
Wrong answers often change one word or number from the passage, so read each option carefully.
Base inferences on evidence
Support every conclusion with specific clues from the passage rather than personal opinion or outside knowledge.
Read between the lines
Notice what the details imply about a character, situation, or outcome without being directly stated.
Stay reasonable
The best inference is the one most strongly suggested by the text, not the most dramatic possibility.
Test your conclusion
Ask whether the passage would have to be true for your inference to hold; if not, reconsider.
Identify the purpose
Decide whether the author aims to inform, persuade, entertain, or describe based on the content and style.
Read tone through word choice
Descriptive words reveal the author's attitude, such as critical, cheerful, or eerie.
Spot persuasive language
Words like must, best, or should and emotional appeals usually indicate the author is trying to persuade.
Separate fact from opinion
Facts can be verified, while opinions express judgments and often use comparative or evaluative words.
Recognize sequence
Words like first, next, then, and finally show that events or steps are listed in order.
Identify cause and effect
Phrases such as because, as a result, and therefore link a cause to its effect.
Notice compare and contrast
Words like while, whereas, and on the other hand show how ideas are similar or different.
Follow problem and solution
Some passages present a problem and then describe one or more ways to solve it.

Vocabulary and General Knowledge

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Learn precise meanings
Study the exact definition of a word rather than a rough idea, since answer choices are often close in meaning.
Recognize synonyms
Many items ask which word is closest in meaning, so practice matching words with similar definitions.
Use antonyms to confirm
Knowing a word's opposite can help you rule out incorrect choices and confirm the right one.
Note parts of speech
Make sure the answer is the same part of speech as the word in the question, such as a verb for a verb.
Learn condition words
Terms like acute, chronic, and benign describe how illnesses behave and how serious they are.
Know action verbs
Words such as palpate, monitor, excrete, and dilate describe procedures and body functions.
Study symptom words
Terms like nausea, fatigue, edema, and inflamed describe what patients feel or show.
Group by meaning
Cluster related terms, such as words for making a condition better or worse, to strengthen recall.
Look for definitions nearby
Sometimes a sentence explains an unfamiliar word directly, often set off by commas or dashes.
Use examples
Examples that follow a word can reveal its category and meaning.
Watch for contrast clues
Words like but or unlike signal that a nearby word means the opposite of the unfamiliar term.
Substitute a guess
Replace the unknown word with your best guess and check whether the sentence still makes sense.
Break words into parts
Divide a long term into prefix, root, and suffix to analyze its meaning piece by piece.
Learn common prefixes
Prefixes such as hyper- meaning above and hypo- meaning below change a word's meaning.
Know useful roots
Roots like cardi for heart and derm for skin appear in many medical terms.
Recognize suffixes
Suffixes such as -itis meaning inflammation and -ology meaning study of signal what a term describes.

English Grammar and Usage

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Match number
Singular subjects take singular verbs and plural subjects take plural verbs.
Ignore phrases between subject and verb
In 'each of the students,' the subject is 'each,' which is singular and takes 'has.'
Compound subjects with and
Two subjects joined by 'and' are plural and take a plural verb, as in 'the nurse and the doctor were.'
Neither/nor agreement
With 'neither/nor' or 'either/or,' the verb agrees with the subject closer to it.
Subject versus object pronouns
Use subject pronouns like 'he and I' as subjects and object pronouns like 'me' after prepositions.
Its versus it's
'Its' shows possession, while 'it's' is a contraction of 'it is.'
Their, there, they're
'Their' is possessive, 'there' refers to place, and 'they're' means 'they are.'
Avoid myself as a subject or object
Use 'me' or 'I' instead of 'myself' unless the sentence already names the same person as the subject.
Comma after an introductory phrase
Place a comma after an introductory word or phrase, as in 'Before the exam, we reviewed our notes.'
Semicolon joins independent clauses
Use a semicolon to link two complete sentences that are closely related, avoiding a comma splice.
Colon introduces a list
Use a colon after a complete sentence to introduce a list, then separate items with commas.
Apostrophes for possession
Add apostrophe plus s for a singular possessive, as in 'the patient's chart.'
Avoid fragments
Make sure each sentence has a subject and verb and expresses a full thought, not just a phrase.
Fix run-ons
Separate two independent clauses with a period, a semicolon, or a comma plus a conjunction.
Keep parallel structure
Items in a list should share the same grammatical form, such as reading, writing, and jogging.
Place modifiers carefully
Put descriptive words and phrases near the words they modify to avoid confusion.
Distinguish homophones
Choose the correct word among sound-alikes such as their, there, and they're based on meaning.
Adjective versus adverb
Use adjectives to describe nouns and adverbs, often ending in -ly, to describe verbs, as in 'spoke quietly.'
Comparatives and superlatives
Use the comparative form like 'better' for two items and the superlative like 'best' for three or more.
Watch tricky spellings
Apply rules such as 'i before e except after c' to spell words like 'receive' correctly.

Science: Biology, Chemistry, and Anatomy

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The cell is the basic unit
All living organisms are made of one or more cells that carry out life processes.
The nucleus holds DNA
The nucleus contains the cell's genetic material and directs its activities.
Mitochondria make energy
Mitochondria produce ATP through cellular respiration and are called the powerhouse of the cell.
The membrane controls entry
The cell membrane surrounds the cell and regulates what moves in and out.
Circulatory system moves blood
The heart and blood vessels transport oxygen, nutrients, and wastes throughout the body.
Respiratory system exchanges gases
The lungs take in oxygen and release carbon dioxide during breathing.
Skeletal system provides support
Bones, joints, and cartilage give the body structure and protect internal organs.
Nervous system controls responses
The brain and spinal cord process information and coordinate the body's actions.
Atoms are the smallest units
An atom is the smallest particle of an element that keeps that element's properties.
Subatomic particles carry charge
Protons are positive, electrons are negative, and neutrons have no charge.
The pH scale measures acidity
A pH below 7 is acidic, 7 is neutral, and above 7 is basic; pure water is neutral.
Chemical versus physical change
A chemical change forms a new substance, such as iron rusting, while a physical change only alters form.
The heart has four chambers
Two atria and two ventricles keep oxygen-rich and oxygen-poor blood separated.
Arteries and veins differ
Arteries carry blood away from the heart, while veins return blood to the heart.
Kidneys filter blood
The kidneys remove waste and excess water from the blood to form urine.
Skin is the largest organ
The skin protects the body, helps regulate temperature, and provides sensation.
Carbohydrates give quick energy
Carbohydrates break down into glucose, the body's fastest source of energy.
Proteins build tissue
Proteins are made of amino acids and form muscles, enzymes, and other structures.
Fats store energy
Lipids store energy long term and help build cell membranes.
Photosynthesis makes food in plants
Plants use sunlight, water, and carbon dioxide to produce glucose and oxygen.

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