California Real Estate Salesperson — All Questions

Which type of estate gives an owner the fullest bundle of rights, is of potentially unlimited duration, and is freely inheritable?

• a.Estate for years
• b.Fee simple absolute✓
• c.Life estate
• d.Estate at will

A fee simple absolute is the highest and most complete estate in land, lasting indefinitely and passing to heirs. Life estates and leasehold estates confer only limited rights. Under California law it is presumed a grant conveys fee simple unless a lesser estate is stated.CA Civil Code

An estate that lasts only for the duration of a named person's life is best described as a:

• a.Tenancy in common
• b.Fee simple absolute
• c.Fee simple defeasible
• d.Life estate✓

A life estate is limited in duration to the life of the life tenant or another designated person. When that measuring life ends, the property passes to the remainderman or reverts to the grantor. It is a freehold estate but not of inheritable duration.CA Civil Code

The key characteristic that distinguishes joint tenancy from tenancy in common is the:

• a.Ability to sell one's share
• b.Right of survivorship✓
• c.Right to possess the whole property
• d.Requirement of equal ownership shares

Joint tenancy includes the right of survivorship, so a deceased joint tenant's interest passes automatically to the surviving joint tenants rather than to heirs. Tenants in common have no survivorship and may hold unequal shares. Joint tenancy requires the four unities of time, title, interest, and possession.CA Civil Code

Two unrelated investors buy a property together holding unequal fractional shares with no right of survivorship. They own as:

• a.Community property
• b.Tenants in common✓
• c.Joint tenants
• d.Tenants in severalty

Tenancy in common allows co-owners to hold unequal, freely transferable fractional interests, and each share passes to that owner's heirs at death. There is no survivorship right. This is the default form of co-ownership in California when survivorship is not specified.CA Civil Code

In California, property acquired by either spouse during marriage, other than by gift or inheritance, is generally presumed to be:

• a.Joint tenancy property
• b.Separate property
• c.Property in severalty
• d.Community property✓

California is a community property state, so earnings and assets acquired by either spouse during marriage are presumed owned equally by both. Property owned before marriage or received by gift or inheritance remains separate. Each spouse generally has an equal, undivided one-half interest in community property.CA Family Code

An easement appurtenant benefits a parcel of land. The parcel that receives the benefit is called the:

• a.Encroaching parcel
• b.Servient tenement
• c.Dominant tenement✓
• d.Reversionary estate

In an easement appurtenant, the dominant tenement enjoys the benefit while the servient tenement is burdened by the easement. The easement runs with the land and typically transfers with the dominant parcel when sold. A common example is a right-of-way across a neighbor's lot for access.CA Civil Code

A utility company's right to run power lines across many parcels, benefiting no particular parcel of land, is an example of an:

• a.Encroachment
• b.Estate at sufferance
• c.Easement in gross✓
• d.Easement appurtenant

An easement in gross benefits a person or entity rather than a parcel of land, so there is no dominant tenement. Commercial easements in gross, such as those held by utilities, are transferable. This differs from an appurtenant easement, which is tied to a specific benefited parcel.CA Civil Code

Which statement best describes the relationship between encumbrances and liens?

• a.An encumbrance can never affect title
• b.Every lien is an encumbrance, but not every encumbrance is a lien✓
• c.All encumbrances are liens
• d.Liens and encumbrances are unrelated

An encumbrance is any claim, charge, or restriction that affects title, including liens, easements, and deed restrictions. A lien is a specific type of encumbrance securing payment of a debt. Thus all liens are encumbrances, but non-monetary encumbrances like easements are not liens.CA Civil Code

A contractor who improved a property but was not paid may secure the debt against that specific property by recording a:

• a.Mechanic's lien✓
• b.Deed of trust
• c.Tax lien
• d.Judgment lien

A mechanic's lien is a specific, involuntary lien available to contractors, laborers, and material suppliers who improve real property and are not paid. In California it must be recorded and enforced within statutory time limits. It attaches only to the improved property, not to all of the owner's assets.CA Civil Code

California's homestead exemption primarily protects a homeowner's equity from:

• a.Certain judgment creditors✓
• b.Mortgage foreclosure by the lender
• c.IRS federal tax liens
• d.Property tax liens

The homestead exemption shields a portion of a homeowner's equity in a principal residence from forced sale by most unsecured judgment creditors. It does not prevent foreclosure by a voluntary lienholder such as a mortgage lender, nor does it defeat tax liens. The exempt amount is set by statute and adjusts over time.CA Code of Civil Procedure

An owner of land bordering a flowing river or stream holds water use rights known as:

• a.Riparian rights✓
• b.Littoral rights
• c.Prescriptive rights
• d.Prior appropriation rights

Riparian rights attach to land adjoining a flowing watercourse such as a river or stream. Littoral rights, by contrast, apply to land bordering a static body of water like a lake or the ocean. Riparian owners may make reasonable use of the water.CA Water Code

To acquire title by adverse possession in California, a claimant generally must, among other requirements, occupy the land openly and:

• a.For at least 3 years
• b.Only with the owner's permission
• c.Without paying any property taxes
• d.Pay the property taxes for five years✓

California requires an adverse possessor to pay the property taxes on the claimed land for the full five-year statutory period. The possession must also be open, notorious, hostile, exclusive, and continuous. Possession with the owner's permission is not hostile and cannot ripen into title.CA Code of Civil Procedure

A married couple wants to hold title so the survivor automatically owns the whole property and also receive a favorable tax basis step-up on the entire property at the first death. They should consider:

• a.Tenancy at sufferance
• b.Joint tenancy in severalty
• c.Community property with right of survivorship✓
• d.Tenancy in common

Community property with right of survivorship combines the survivorship feature with community property tax treatment, allowing a full step-up in basis on both halves at the first spouse's death. California created this form to give couples both benefits. Ordinary joint tenancy provides survivorship but only a step-up on the decedent's half.CA Civil Code

Ownership of real property by one person or a single legal entity alone is called ownership in:

• a.Severalty✓
• b.Partnership
• c.Common
• d.Joint tenancy

Ownership in severalty means title is held by one individual or entity severed from all others. Despite the word's root, it refers to sole ownership, not multiple owners. Co-ownership forms such as joint tenancy and tenancy in common involve two or more owners.CA Civil Code

A neighbor's fence is built two feet over the boundary onto the adjoining owner's land. This physical intrusion is an:

• a.Encumbrance by lien
• b.Encroachment✓
• c.Estate for years
• d.Easement in gross

An encroachment is an unauthorized physical intrusion of a structure or improvement onto another's land. It can cloud title and reduce marketability, and a survey often reveals it. If allowed to continue, it may eventually ripen into a prescriptive easement.CA Civil Code

An easement acquired through open, continuous, and hostile use of another's land for the statutory period is an easement by:

• a.Grant
• b.Necessity
• c.Prescription✓
• d.Reservation

An easement by prescription arises when someone uses another's land openly, continuously, and adversely for the statutory period, similar to adverse possession but conveying only a use right rather than title. Unlike adverse possession, it does not require paying property taxes on the burdened land in the easement context. An easement by necessity, by contrast, arises from landlocked access needs.CA Civil Code

A commercial tenant signs a lease with a definite beginning and ending date. The tenant holds an:

• a.Periodic tenancy
• b.Estate at sufferance
• c.Estate for years✓
• d.Estate at will

An estate for years is a leasehold with a fixed, definite duration that ends automatically on the stated date without notice. Despite its name, it can last any set period, not necessarily years. A periodic tenancy, by contrast, renews automatically until proper notice is given.CA Civil Code

Private CC&Rs recorded by a subdivision developer to control lot use are a form of:

• a.Public zoning ordinance
• b.Easement appurtenant
• c.Deed restriction✓
• d.Involuntary lien

Covenants, conditions, and restrictions (CC&Rs) are private deed restrictions that run with the land and govern how lots in a development may be used. They are enforced by the homeowners association or other lot owners, not by the government. Zoning, by contrast, is a public land-use control imposed by government.CA Civil Code

An estate that gives possession and use but not ownership, such as a lease, is classified as a:

• a.Fee simple estate subject to a condition subsequent
• b.Freehold estate of potentially indefinite duration
• c.Defeasible fee that can be lost upon a stated event
• d.Less-than-freehold estate✓

Leasehold interests are less-than-freehold (nonfreehold) estates, giving the tenant a right to possess for a term while the landlord keeps ownership. Freehold estates such as fee simple and life estates involve ownership of indefinite duration. The distinction turns on ownership versus mere possession.

A deed conveying land 'so long as it is used for a school' creates a:

• a.Leasehold estate for a fixed term of years
• b.Tenancy in common among the school's trustees
• c.Fee simple determinable✓
• d.Life estate measured by the life of the grantor

A fee simple determinable automatically ends and reverts to the grantor if the stated condition ('so long as') is violated. The grantor retains a possibility of reverter. It is a type of defeasible fee, distinct from a fee simple subject to a condition subsequent.

When a life estate ends and the property returns to the original grantor, that returning interest is a:

• a.Possibility of reverter following a determinable fee
• b.Remainder interest held by a named third party
• c.Reversion✓
• d.Executory interest that cuts short a prior estate

If a life estate is created and the future interest is kept by the grantor, that interest is a reversion. If the future interest is given to a third party instead, it is a remainder. Both take effect when the measuring life ends.

A tenant who remains in possession after the lease ends, without the landlord's consent, holds an:

• a.Periodic tenancy that renews from month to month
• b.Estate at will terminable by either party at any time
• c.Estate for years with an automatic statutory renewal
• d.Estate at sufferance✓

An estate at sufferance arises when a tenant wrongfully holds over after the lease expires without permission. The landlord may treat the holdover as a trespasser or, by accepting rent, create a periodic tenancy. It is the lowest form of possessory interest.

For a month-to-month tenant who has lived in a California unit less than one year, a landlord must generally give termination notice of:

• a.Three days, the same as a notice to pay rent or quit
• b.Ninety days in every case regardless of the tenancy's length
• c.30 days✓
• d.Fifteen days when the rent is paid on a weekly basis

For a month-to-month tenancy, a landlord generally must give 30 days' notice to a tenant who has lived there less than a year, and 60 days if a year or more. Tenants generally give 30 days' notice. Local rent-control ordinances may add just-cause requirements.

A life estate measured by the life of someone other than the life tenant is called an estate:

• a.In severalty owned by a single person alone
• b.At sufferance held by a wrongful holdover occupant
• c.Pur autre vie✓
• d.For years lasting a fixed and definite term

An estate pur autre vie is a life estate measured by the life of a third person rather than the tenant. When that measuring person dies, the estate ends. It is still a freehold estate of uncertain duration.

A life tenant who lets the property fall into serious disrepair, harming the remainderman, may be liable for:

• a.Encroachment onto the neighboring owner's parcel of land
• b.Waste✓
• c.Novation of the original granting instrument
• d.Adverse possession against the future interest holder

A life tenant must not commit waste, meaning conduct that permanently damages the property and injures the remainderman's or reversioner's interest. The life tenant may use the property but must preserve it. The future interest holder can act to prevent or recover for waste.

A leasehold estate that continues for successive periods until proper notice is given is a:

• a.Fee simple estate of potentially unlimited duration
• b.Estate at sufferance created by a wrongful holdover
• c.Estate for years ending automatically on a fixed date
• d.Periodic tenancy✓

A periodic tenancy, such as month-to-month, automatically renews for successive periods until either party gives the required notice. Unlike an estate for years, it has no fixed end date. Notice periods are set by statute or the lease.

The complete set of legal rights an owner has in real property is often called the:

• a.Bundle of rights✓
• b.Habendum clause defining the estate that is granted
• c.Chain of title tracing the successive recorded owners
• d.Metes-and-bounds description of the parcel's borders

The bundle of rights includes the rights to possess, use, enjoy, exclude, encumber, and dispose of property. Different estates and encumbrances allocate parts of this bundle. Understanding it clarifies what an owner actually holds.

The four unities required to create a joint tenancy are time, title, interest, and:

• a.Priority based on the order in which deeds are recorded
• b.Possession✓
• c.Consideration paid in equal amounts by each owner
• d.Purpose shared in common among all of the co-owners

Joint tenancy requires the four unities: owners take title at the same time, by the same instrument, with equal interests, and with equal rights of possession. If any unity is broken, the joint tenancy converts to a tenancy in common. The unities support the right of survivorship.

If one joint tenant sells their interest to a stranger, the new owner holds with the remaining owners as a:

• a.Tenant in common as to the sold share✓
• b.Joint tenant with an unbroken right of survivorship
• c.Community property owner under the state's marital law
• d.Sole owner in severalty free of any co-ownership

Selling one joint tenant's interest breaks the unities of time and title as to that share, so the buyer becomes a tenant in common with the others, who remain joint tenants among themselves. Survivorship no longer applies to the transferred share. This is a common way joint tenancy is severed.

A co-owner who wants to force the division or sale of jointly owned property may bring an action for:

• a.Partition✓
• b.Reformation to correct a mistaken or defective deed
• c.Quiet title to remove a cloud from the record
• d.Ejectment to remove a holdover tenant from possession

A partition action lets a co-owner compel the physical division of the property or, more commonly, its sale and division of proceeds. It is available to joint tenants and tenants in common. Courts order a sale when physical division is impractical.

In California, real property a spouse owned before marriage is presumed to be that spouse's:

• a.Tenancy in partnership property belonging to the marriage
• b.Joint tenancy property carrying a right of survivorship
• c.Separate property✓
• d.Community property owned equally by both of the spouses

Property owned before marriage, or acquired during marriage by gift, inheritance, or with separate funds, is separate property. Property acquired during marriage by either spouse's efforts is presumed community property. Keeping separate property distinct requires avoiding commingling.

Under California law, transferring or encumbering community real property generally requires:

• a.Only the signature of the spouse who earns the higher income
• b.Approval from the county assessor before the deed is recorded
• c.A court order confirming that the transaction is fair to both
• d.The signatures of both spouses✓

Both spouses must generally join in any transfer, lease exceeding one year, or encumbrance of community real property. This protects each spouse's equal interest. A conveyance by only one spouse may be voidable by the other.

Changing the character of marital property from community to separate by written agreement of the spouses is called:

• a.Escheat of the property to the state government
• b.Transmutation✓
• c.Novation substituting a new party into a contract
• d.Accretion caused by the gradual deposit of soil

Transmutation is a change in the character of marital property, such as from community to separate, and in California it generally must be in writing and expressly declared. It affects ownership and inheritance rights. Casual statements are insufficient to transmute property.

Compared with ordinary joint tenancy, community property with right of survivorship gives a married couple the added benefit of:

• a.A full basis step-up on both halves at the first death✓
• b.A complete exemption from paying the documentary transfer tax
• c.Freedom from having both spouses sign to sell the property
• d.Automatic protection from all of the couple's creditors

Community property with right of survivorship combines survivorship with the community property tax advantage of a double step-up in basis when the first spouse dies. Ordinary joint tenancy provides survivorship but only a step-up on the decedent's half. California created this form to give couples both benefits.

A group of investors that forms a limited liability company to hold title takes ownership as:

• a.Joint tenants with a right of survivorship among the members
• b.Tenants in common in proportion to their capital contributions
• c.Community property shared equally regardless of each investment
• d.A single legal entity✓

When an LLC, corporation, or partnership holds title, the entity owns the property in severalty as one legal person, and the members own interests in the entity rather than the land directly. This affects liability and transfer. The entity's governing documents control internal ownership.

Title held in a revocable living trust is legally vested in the:

• a.County recorder until the trust eventually terminates
• b.Probate court supervising the settlor's estate during life
• c.Beneficiaries directly as tenants in common among themselves
• d.Trustee for the benefit of the beneficiaries✓

In a living trust, legal title is held by the trustee, who manages the property for the beneficiaries under the trust terms. A revocable living trust is commonly used to avoid probate. The settlor often serves as trustee during their lifetime.

A key consequence of holding title as tenants in common rather than joint tenants is that a deceased owner's share:

• a.Passes to the owner's heirs or by will✓
• b.Escheats to the state after a ninety-day waiting period
• c.Automatically transfers to the surviving co-owners
• d.Reverts to the original grantor of the property

Tenants in common have no right of survivorship, so a deceased co-owner's share passes through the estate to heirs or devisees. Joint tenancy, by contrast, transfers the share to surviving joint tenants. This difference drives estate-planning choices.

A lien that attaches only to a specific parcel, such as a mortgage or mechanic's lien, is a:

• a.Specific lien✓
• b.Non-monetary encumbrance such as an easement or restriction
• c.Voluntary encumbrance that can be created only by a court
• d.General lien reaching all of the debtor's property

A specific lien affects only an identified property, while a general lien such as a judgment lien can attach to all of the debtor's property in a county. Mortgages, deeds of trust, mechanic's liens, and property tax liens are specific liens. Classifying liens helps determine what property is at risk.

A deed of trust is best classified as a lien that is:

• a.Involuntary and general against all of the owner's assets
• b.Voluntary and specific✓
• c.Statutory and imposed without the property owner's consent
• d.Non-monetary and unrelated to the payment of any debt

A deed of trust is a voluntary lien the owner willingly creates to secure a loan, and it is specific because it attaches only to the described property. Involuntary liens, such as tax or judgment liens, arise without the owner's consent. This classification affects priority and enforcement.

In California, general property tax liens are significant because they generally:

• a.Take priority over most other liens✓
• b.Require the property owner's written consent to be valid
• c.Attach only after a court has entered a formal judgment
• d.Are junior to any earlier recorded private mortgage

General real property tax liens hold a priority position ahead of most private liens, regardless of recording date. Unpaid property taxes can lead to a tax sale. Their super-priority makes them a primary concern for lenders and buyers.

To preserve mechanic's lien rights, many California claimants must first serve a:

• a.Writ of attachment issued by the county superior court
• b.Notice of default that begins the foreclosure process
• c.Lis pendens recorded against the entire subdivision
• d.Preliminary notice✓

Many contractors, subcontractors, and suppliers must serve a preliminary notice, usually within 20 days of first furnishing labor or materials, to preserve later mechanic's lien rights. The lien itself must be recorded and enforced within statutory deadlines. Missing these steps can forfeit the lien.

A recorded document giving notice of a pending lawsuit that affects title to real property is a:

• a.Lis pendens✓
• b.Estoppel certificate confirming the terms of a lease
• c.Abstract of judgment summarizing a money judgment
• d.Deed of reconveyance releasing a deed of trust lien

A lis pendens, or notice of pending action, is recorded to warn that litigation could affect title. It clouds title and can prevent a clean sale until resolved. An improperly recorded lis pendens can be expunged by the court.

Recording an abstract of judgment creates a lien on the debtor's real property that is:

• a.A priority lien superior even to the property tax lien
• b.A non-monetary encumbrance similar to an easement
• c.A specific, voluntary lien on one identified parcel
• d.A general, involuntary lien✓

An abstract of judgment, when recorded, creates a general involuntary lien on all real property the debtor owns in that county. It is involuntary because it arises from a court judgment, not the owner's consent. It attaches to after-acquired property in the county as well.

A Mello-Roos special tax that funds community facilities in a California development is:

• a.A lien that must be disclosed to buyers✓
• b.A federal income tax collected directly by the IRS
• c.A voluntary charge that buyers may simply decline to pay
• d.A one-time fee paid only by the original subdivision developer

Mello-Roos Community Facilities District taxes fund infrastructure and appear as a lien and ongoing special tax on the property. Sellers must provide a Mello-Roos disclosure to buyers. The tax obligation transfers with ownership.

The priority of most voluntary liens against real property is generally determined by:

• a.The credit score of the borrower at the time of closing
• b.The dollar amount of each lien, with the largest ranking first
• c.Alphabetical order of the lienholders' business names
• d.The order in which they are recorded✓

Under California's race-notice recording system, lien priority is generally set by recording order ('first in time, first in right'), with exceptions such as property tax liens. Recording promptly protects a lienholder's priority. Subordination agreements can change the normal order by consent.

A homeowners association's recorded claim against an owner for unpaid assessments is:

• a.An involuntary lien on the owner's unit✓
• b.A general lien on all of the owner's property statewide
• c.A non-monetary deed restriction unrelated to any money
• d.A voluntary lien that the owner elects to grant

Unpaid HOA assessments can become a lien on the owner's property under the CC&Rs and the Davis-Stirling Act, and the association may ultimately foreclose. It is involuntary as to the delinquent owner. Statutory procedures govern how the HOA perfects and enforces the lien.

A recorded federal tax lien for unpaid income taxes attaches to:

• a.Only the specific parcel identified in the lien notice
• b.Personal property but never any real estate holdings
• c.Property the taxpayer acquires only after the debt is paid
• d.All of the taxpayer's property in the filing area✓

A recorded federal tax lien is a general lien attaching to all real and personal property the taxpayer owns in the filing jurisdiction. It can complicate a sale until released or subordinated. Priority against other creditors depends on filing dates and federal rules.

An encumbrance that limits how an owner may use land but does not secure a debt is a:

• a.General lien reaching all of the owner's other assets
• b.Non-monetary encumbrance✓
• c.Specific lien enforceable through a foreclosure sale
• d.Voluntary mortgage securing a residential home loan

Non-monetary encumbrances include easements, deed restrictions, and encroachments; they affect use or title but do not secure money. Liens, by contrast, secure payment of a debt. Both are encumbrances that can affect marketability.

A prejudgment writ of attachment recorded against real property creates:

• a.A super-priority claim ranking ahead of property taxes
• b.A voluntary security interest chosen by the owner
• c.A permanent easement running across the property
• d.A temporary lien pending the lawsuit's outcome✓

An attachment lien is a prejudgment remedy that holds the debtor's property as security while a lawsuit is pending, becoming meaningful if the plaintiff prevails. It is involuntary. If the plaintiff loses, the attachment is released.

A landlocked owner who needs access across a neighbor's parcel may obtain an:

• a.Easement by necessity✓
• b.Encroachment that eventually ripens into fee ownership
• c.Estate at sufferance created by holding over after a lease
• d.Easement in gross that benefits a utility company

An easement by necessity can arise when a parcel is landlocked and access is strictly necessary, typically where the parcels were once under common ownership. It ensures the owner can reach a public road. It ends if another legal access becomes available.

An easement is terminated by merger when:

• a.The easement has been used continuously for many years
• b.The servient owner records a new deed of trust on the land
• c.The dominant and servient parcels come under one owner✓
• d.The dominant owner sells the benefited parcel to a stranger

Merger extinguishes an easement when the same person acquires both the dominant and servient tenements, since one cannot hold an easement over one's own land. If the parcels are later separated, a new easement must be created. Merger is one of several ways easements end.

A revocable, personal permission to use another's land that creates no interest in the land is a:

• a.Easement appurtenant that runs with the land
• b.Prescriptive easement gained through long hostile use
• c.License✓
• d.Fee simple determinable subject to a stated condition

A license is mere permission to use land for a specific purpose, is generally revocable, and does not transfer with the land. An easement, by contrast, is an interest in land that usually survives transfers. Permission is the hallmark of a license, distinguishing it from a prescriptive easement.

A wall built on the boundary line and shared by two adjoining owners is a:

• a.Deed restriction imposed by the original subdivider
• b.Party wall✓
• c.Encroachment subject to removal by a court order
• d.Servient tenement in an easement in gross

A party wall stands on the line between two properties and is used by both owners, each typically having an easement in the other's half for support. Maintenance duties are usually shared. Party wall agreements clarify rights and responsibilities.

An easement created when an owner sells part of a parcel and expressly keeps a right-of-way across the sold portion is created by:

• a.Prescription after years of open and hostile use
• b.Condemnation by a government agency for public use
• c.Estoppel arising from a party's detrimental reliance
• d.Reservation✓

An easement by reservation is created when a grantor conveys land but reserves an easement over the conveyed parcel for the benefit of the retained land. An easement by grant, by contrast, is expressly given to the grantee. Both are express easements stated in the deed.

A prescriptive easement in California may be lost if the holder stops using it for the statutory period, a termination by:

• a.Condemnation under the power of eminent domain
• b.Abandonment through nonuse✓
• c.Merger of the dominant and the servient estates
• d.An express written release recorded by the holder

A prescriptive easement can be extinguished by abandonment shown through nonuse for the prescriptive period plus intent to abandon. Easements created by grant are generally not lost by mere nonuse. Different creation methods affect how an easement can end.

The parcel burdened by an easement appurtenant is the:

• a.Dominant tenement that enjoys the benefit
• b.Servient tenement✓
• c.Leasehold estate created for a fixed term of years
• d.Reversionary interest retained by the grantor

In an easement appurtenant, the servient tenement bears the burden of the easement while the dominant tenement receives the benefit. The easement runs with both parcels. Identifying which parcel is burdened is essential to understanding the easement.

A developer's recorded subdivision map that dedicates streets to public use creates public access through:

• a.Adverse possession asserted against the local government
• b.A prescriptive easement gained gradually by public use
• c.An involuntary lien placed on each of the subdivided lots
• d.Dedication✓

Dedication is the voluntary transfer of private land or an interest, such as streets or parks, to the public, often through a recorded subdivision map. Acceptance by the public agency completes the dedication. It is a common way public rights-of-way are created.

A legal description that uses distances, directions, and boundary markers beginning and ending at the same point is the:

• a.Rectangular survey system of townships and sections
• b.Metes and bounds method✓
• c.Lot and block system referencing a recorded map
• d.Assessor's parcel number used only for taxation purposes

The metes-and-bounds method describes a parcel by its measured distances (metes) and directions or boundaries (bounds), beginning and closing at the point of beginning. It is common for irregular parcels. Each call must connect back to enclose the land.

In the U.S. government rectangular survey system, a standard section contains:

• a.640 acres✓
• b.36 square miles making up an entire township
• c.5,280 feet along each one of its four sides
• d.160 acres, which is one quarter of a township

A section is one square mile and contains 640 acres. There are 36 sections in a township. These fixed relationships let surveyors describe land quickly under the rectangular survey system.

A township in the rectangular survey system is composed of:

• a.One square mile of surveyed government land
• b.36 sections✓
• c.A single section containing 160 total acres
• d.640 acres divided evenly among four quarters

A township measures six miles by six miles and is divided into 36 sections, each one square mile. Townships are located by reference to principal base lines and meridians. This grid underlies land descriptions in survey-system states.

A legal description reading 'Lot 12, Block 4, Tract 908, as recorded in the county' uses the:

• a.Metes and bounds method of measured directional calls
• b.Vertical datum used for describing air-rights parcels
• c.Government rectangular survey of townships and ranges
• d.Lot and block system✓

The lot-and-block (recorded map or subdivision) system describes property by reference to a recorded subdivision map showing numbered lots and blocks. It is common in developed urban and suburban areas. The recorded map supplies the detailed dimensions.

In the rectangular survey system, land is located by principal meridians running north-south and:

• a.Metes-and-bounds monuments set by a surveyor
• b.Recorded subdivision maps kept on file locally
• c.Base lines running east-west✓
• d.Township roads laid out by the county government

The rectangular survey system uses principal meridians running north-south and base lines running east-west as reference lines, from which townships and ranges are numbered. California uses meridians such as Mount Diablo and San Bernardino. This framework fixes each parcel's grid position.

A quarter of a quarter section of land contains how many acres?

• a.10 acres
• b.640 acres
• c.40 acres✓
• d.160 acres

A section has 640 acres; a quarter section is 160 acres; and a quarter of a quarter is 40 acres. Dividing sections into aliquot parts is standard in the survey system. These fractions appear frequently in rural land descriptions.

Describing the elevation of a condominium unit or air-rights parcel typically requires reference to a:

• a.Datum or benchmark✓
• b.Range line within the rectangular survey system
• c.Point of beginning used in a metes-and-bounds call
• d.Recorded subdivision block and tract number

Vertical measurements, needed to describe condominium units, air rights, or subsurface rights, are made from a datum, a fixed reference plane, using benchmarks. Horizontal systems alone cannot fix a three-dimensional space. Surveyors combine horizontal descriptions with vertical datum references.

The fixed starting point to which all metes-and-bounds calls must return is the:

• a.Base line running east-west through the township
• b.Point of beginning✓
• c.Benchmark used for establishing vertical control
• d.Principal meridian of the surrounding survey area

A metes-and-bounds description must start and end at the point of beginning so the described boundary closes and encloses the parcel. If the calls do not return to it, the description is defective. The point of beginning is usually a monument or referenced location.

An assessor's parcel number (APN) is used primarily to:

• a.Identify property for tax assessment✓
• b.Serve as a complete legal description within a deed
• c.Establish the recording priority of competing liens
• d.Guarantee that title is clear and marketable

The APN is an identifier the county assessor assigns for taxation and record-keeping, and it helps locate a parcel, but it is not a substitute for a full legal description in a deed. Deeds rely on metes-and-bounds, lot-and-block, or survey descriptions. The APN aids identification, not conveyance.

Personal property that has become permanently attached to real property is a:

• a.Trade fixture that is always removable by the seller
• b.Chattel that remains personal property after attachment
• c.Fixture✓
• d.Emblement treated as personal property at harvest time

A fixture is personal property that has been so attached or adapted to real property that it is considered part of the real estate and passes with a sale. Whether an item is a fixture affects what conveys. Buyers and sellers should specify uncertain items in the contract.

Which test is commonly used to determine whether an item is a fixture?

• a.The color and style of the item relative to the home
• b.Whether the item was manufactured in the United States
• c.Method of attachment and intention of the parties✓
• d.The original purchase price that was paid for the item

Courts weigh factors such as method of attachment, adaptability to the property's use, relationship of the parties, intention, and any agreement, sometimes recalled by the acronym MARIA. Intention is often the most important factor. A written agreement can settle disputes in advance.

Equipment a commercial tenant installs to run a business and may remove before the lease ends is a:

• a.Encroachment onto the leased business premises
• b.Trade fixture✓
• c.Permanent fixture that transfers to the landlord
• d.Emblement belonging to the tenant who grew a crop

Trade fixtures are items a business tenant attaches for commercial use, such as shelving or equipment, and they remain the tenant's personal property, removable before the lease ends if damage is repaired. Ordinary fixtures pass with the real estate. The commercial context distinguishes trade fixtures.

Growing annual crops produced by a tenant farmer's labor and treated as personal property are called:

• a.Fixtures that pass with the land at the time of sale
• b.Riparian rights that attach to the bordering parcel
• c.Emblements✓
• d.Appurtenances that run with the underlying property

Emblements are annual crops produced by cultivation; they are considered the personal property of the tenant who planted them, who may re-enter to harvest after the tenancy ends. This doctrine protects a farmer's labor. It is an exception to the rule that plants are part of the land.

California allocates the right to divert water from rivers and streams for use elsewhere mainly under the doctrine of:

• a.Appropriation✓
• b.Littoral rights tied to lakefront property ownership
• c.Emblements based on the value of cultivated crops
• d.Accretion from the gradual deposit of soil over time

California follows a hybrid system, but appropriative rights allow diverting water for beneficial use away from the watercourse, subject to a permit and the priority 'first in time, first in right.' Riparian rights, by contrast, attach to land bordering the water. The state regulates water use closely.

Ownership of land generally includes the right to the airspace above it, known as:

• a.Littoral rights running along a lake's shoreline
• b.Emblements arising from annually planted crops
• c.Prescriptive rights gained through hostile use
• d.Air rights✓

Air rights are part of the bundle of rights and can be sold or leased separately, as with development above a building. They are limited by public navigation rights and regulation. Subsurface, or mineral, rights are the counterpart below the surface.

Land added gradually to a waterfront parcel by the deposit of soil is acquired through:

• a.Accretion✓
• b.Condemnation by a public agency for public use
• c.Avulsion, which is a sudden loss or shift of land
• d.Escheat to the state upon the owner's death

Accretion is the gradual, imperceptible buildup of soil (alluvion) along a watercourse, and the new land generally belongs to the adjoining owner. Avulsion, by contrast, is a sudden change that does not shift boundaries. These doctrines govern how water-related boundaries change.