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Everything up to this point in the book is national: contract law, policy types, underwriting, riders, taxation, group benefits, health plan design. This chapter is the other half of your exam — the California-specific material tested on the Life-Only Agent and the Accident and Health (Accident and Health or Sickness) Agent examinations.

Two study rules before you start.

Rule one: learn the rule, then learn the number. California exam questions are overwhelmingly about whether a rule exists and what it requires, not about memorizing a fee schedule. The rules here are stable — California has a Department of Insurance, an elected Commissioner, an Unfair Practices Act, a replacement regulation, a guarantee association, a free-look mandate, senior-specific statutes, and an annuity best-interest standard. Those facts do not move. The numbers attached to them — hours, days, dollars, limits — do move, and California moves them more than most states. So every number in this chapter carries the Insurance Code section or regulation it comes from, as read on leginfo.legislature.ca.gov on 23 September 2026. Where the Code does not fix a number (the CDI sets it by form or regulation), the chapter says so rather than guess.

Rule two: California is not the NAIC model. California frequently writes its own, harsher version — a longer grace period, a longer free look for older buyers, a stand-alone senior insurance article, an elected rather than appointed Commissioner. When your national chapters and this chapter disagree, California controls on the California exam.

The primary authorities are the California Insurance Code (CIC) and Title 10 of the California Code of Regulations (10 CCR), administered by the CDI.

12.1 The California Department of Insurance and the Insurance Commissioner

The office

California regulates insurance through the California Department of Insurance (CDI), headed by the Insurance Commissioner. The single most-tested California fact about this office: the California Insurance Commissioner is elected by the voters of California, not appointed by the Governor. California is one of a minority of states that elect the office. The Commissioner is elected at the same time and in the same manner as the Governor and may serve no more than two four-year terms (CIC § 12900, added by Proposition 103 in 1988).

That matters conceptually, not just trivially. An elected Commissioner answers to the electorate, which is why California's consumer-protection posture — senior insurance rules, lapse-notice rules, claim-handling regulations — runs ahead of most states.

The CDI licenses producers, admits and monitors insurers, reviews policy forms and (in some lines) rates, investigates complaints and fraud, and enforces the Insurance Code.

Powers

The Commissioner's core powers, all affirmatively established in the Insurance Code:

• Rulemaking. Adopting regulations implementing the Insurance Code; they live in Title 10 CCR and carry the force of law.
• Examination. Examining the books, records, accounts, and business practices of admitted insurers and of licensees — financial examinations on a recurring cycle, market conduct examinations as needed. The examined company generally bears the cost.
• Investigation and hearings. Investigating suspected violations, subpoenaing witnesses and documents, holding administrative hearings. A licensee facing discipline is entitled to notice and a hearing.
• Licensing control — issue, deny, suspend, revoke, or refuse to renew — plus restitution and probationary or restricted licenses.
• Cease and desist orders against unfair methods of competition and unfair or deceptive acts.
• Civil penalties for Unfair Practices Act violations: up to $5,000 per act, or up to $10,000 per act if the act was willful (CIC § 790.035).
• Referral for criminal prosecution through the CDI Fraud Division; insurance fraud is a crime in California.

What the Commissioner does not do: adjudicate private contract disputes, act as the policyholder's attorney, or guarantee an insurer's solvency. Complaints go to the CDI's Consumer Services Division, which mediates and can trigger enforcement — but a policyholder's damages claim is a civil court matter.

12.2 Producer licensing in California

California uses license type names that differ from the generic "producer" language in your national chapters. For life and health work, the two resident individual licenses are:

• Life-Only Agent (sometimes shown as Life Agent) — life insurance and annuities.
• Accident and Health Agent (Accident and Health or Sickness Agent) — disability income, medical, dental, long-term care, Medicare supplement.

Most producers hold both. Variable products additionally require FINRA registration and a variable contracts qualification — a life license alone does not authorize the sale of variable life or variable annuities.

Resident license requirements

To obtain a resident Life-Only or Accident and Health license you must:

1. Meet the minimum age and residency/business-presence requirements.
2. Complete the 12-hour course on ethics and the California Insurance Code, which must include one hour on insurance fraud. One 12-hour course satisfies the requirement for every life, accident and health, property, casualty, and personal lines license you apply for. Since January 1, 2026 this is the only prelicensing education these licenses require: AB 943 repealed the former 20-hour line-specific courses (and with them the 32- and 52-hour combined courses). A certificate of completion expires three years after the course, whether or not a license is issued. (CIC § 1749, as amended by Stats. 2025, ch. 566 (AB 943), effective January 1, 2026; CDI Notice, November 10, 2025.)
3. Pass the state licensing examination, administered by the CDI's vendor (currently PSI) at test centers and by remote proctoring: 75 questions for Life or for Accident and Health, 150 for the combined exam, 60 percent to pass (Candidate Information Bulletin, revised March 2026). A passing result is valid for one year (CIC § 1676(a)).
4. Submit fingerprints for a Department of Justice and FBI background check.
5. File the application and pay the fee, electronically (Sircon/NIPR) or on CDI forms. The CDI's fee table lists a $188 license filing fee and $55 per exam attempt.

Sequencing trap: the 12-hour course is not a condition for sitting the exam. The CDI's Candidate Information Bulletin states that ethics courses need not be completed before the exam but must be completed before the license can be issued, and recommends taking the course first because it covers exam material. The order after the exam: submit fingerprints, then apply; the license issues only after the exam is passed, the background check clears, the course is complete, and the application is approved. Passing the exam does not license you. (CIC § 1749; Candidate Information Bulletin, p. 3; CDI Notice, November 10, 2025.)

Term, renewal, and continuing education

A California life or accident and health license is issued for a fixed term and renewed on a cycle — the two-year license term is the structure to memorize (CIC § 1630). Continuing education must be completed before renewal, from CDI-approved providers and approved courses. The CE structure:

• 24 hours of CE per two-year term, including 3 hours of ethics; since March 1, 2023 the ethics hours must include one hour on insurance fraud (CIC § 1749.3(a)).
• Annuity training for anyone selling annuities: a one-time 8-hour course before soliciting, plus 4 hours before each renewal (CIC §§ 1749.8 and 10509.9205). Anyone who gets a life line of authority on or after January 1, 2025 may not sell annuities until the 8-hour course is done.
• Life insurance training (added by SB 263): a life agent licensed on or after January 1, 2024 must complete 4 hours before soliciting any life policy other than term with no cash value, and anyone selling variable life needs 2 hours before each renewal (CIC § 1749.81).
• Long-term care (LTC) training for anyone selling LTC: 8 hours in each of the first four 12-month periods after the license is first issued, then 8 hours before each renewal, with the initial training done before soliciting (CIC § 10234.93).
• Producers marketing to seniors and selling Medicare-related products face additional designated training.

Failure to complete CE means the license is not renewed — you cannot transact while it is lapsed, and reinstatement has its own rules and deadlines. A licensee in good standing for 30 continuous years in California who is 70 or older is exempt from the CE requirement — but the exemption does not apply to anyone first licensed on or after January 1, 2010 (CIC § 1749.3(c)).

Nonresident and temporary licenses

Nonresident licenses are issued on a reciprocity basis to producers licensed and in good standing in their home state, generally without the California prelicensing course or exam, provided the home state reciprocates. Nonresidents must designate the Commissioner for service of process, keep the home-state license in force, and comply with California conduct rules — including California's annuity training requirement, satisfied by the California course or by substantially similar training California accepts. A nonresident whose home-state license lapses loses the California license.

A certificate of convenience — California's temporary license — may be issued to administer the business of a licensee who has died or been declared incompetent by a court (an estate certificate), or to conserve the business of a licensee who enters military service (CIC § 1685). An estate certificate goes to the executor or administrator, or if none, the surviving spouse or heir, or to a conservator (CIC § 1686). It exists to keep in-force business serviced; it cannot be used to let an unlicensed person start selling while studying.

Grounds for denial, suspension, and revocation

The Insurance Code gives the Commissioner broad authority to deny, suspend, or revoke a license. The grounds you must be able to recognize:

• Providing materially false information on a license application.
• Violating any provision of the Insurance Code or a Commissioner's order or regulation.
• Misappropriating or converting money or property received in the course of business — premium theft is the classic case, since California treats premium funds as held in a fiduciary capacity.
• Fraudulent or dishonest acts, or conduct showing incompetence or untrustworthiness.
• Conviction of a felony, or a misdemeanor involving dishonesty or breach of trust.
• Having a license suspended, revoked, or denied in another state, or failing to report such an action or a criminal conviction to the CDI within the required window.
• Rebating, twisting, churning, misrepresentation, and the other unfair practices below.
• Acting as an agent for a non-admitted or unauthorized insurer where California does not permit it.

Reporting duties. A licensee must notify the CDI of administrative actions by another state or regulator and of criminal prosecutions/convictions, and must report changes of name, residence, mailing address, business address, and email. Address and email changes must be reported immediately through the CDI's online service (CIC § 1729); changes in background information — a conviction, felony charges, or an administrative action — must be reported in writing within 30 days of learning of them (CIC § 1729.2(d)). The duty is affirmative and self-executing — no one prompts you.

Federal overlay. Under 18 U.S.C. 1033, a person convicted of a felony involving dishonesty or breach of trust may not engage in the business of insurance affecting interstate commerce without written consent (a 1033 waiver), obtained in California through the CDI.

12.3 Appointments

A California life or accident and health agent transacts business on behalf of an insurer that has appointed the agent. The insurer, not the agent, files the notice of appointment with the Commissioner, and only with the agent's consent; the agent's authority runs from the date the notice is signed (CIC § 1704). When the relationship ends, the insurer files a notice of termination of appointment, and if the termination was for cause, the insurer must report the reasons.

Two exam points: appointment is per-insurer — holding a license does not authorize you to write for a company that has not appointed you; and termination reporting protects the public — an insurer terminating an agent for cause has a reporting duty, the report is confidential, and the insurer receives statutory immunity for good-faith reports. Holding yourself out as an independent broker while in fact acting as an insurer's appointed agent can itself be a misrepresentation.

12.4 Marketing and sales conduct: California's Unfair Practices Act

California's Unfair Practices Act (CIC 790 et seq.) is the state's unfair-trade-practices statute. It prohibits "unfair methods of competition and unfair and deceptive acts or practices in the business of insurance," and CIC 790.03 enumerates most of the violations below (a few, such as rebating and churning, are defined elsewhere in the Code and regulations). The Commissioner may issue cease-and-desist orders and impose civil penalties of up to $5,000 per act, or $10,000 per act if willful (CIC § 790.035). Memorize these by definition — California exam items are almost always fact patterns asking you to name the violation.

Misrepresentation. Any statement misrepresenting the terms, benefits, advantages, dividends, or share of surplus of a policy; misrepresenting an insurer's financial condition; or using a policy name or title that misrepresents its true nature. Includes presenting a life policy or annuity as a "retirement plan," "savings plan," or "investment" without disclosing that it is life insurance.

False advertising. Disseminating any advertisement, announcement, or statement containing untrue, deceptive, or misleading assertions about the business of insurance or any person conducting it. Advertising that names an insurer must not imply endorsement by a government agency.

Defamation. Making or circulating a false, maliciously critical statement calculated to injure any person engaged in the business of insurance.

Boycott, coercion, and intimidation. Agreements or acts resulting in unreasonable restraint of, or monopoly in, the business of insurance — including the tied-sale abuse of conditioning something the consumer needs on buying insurance from a particular source.

Rebating. Offering or giving, as an inducement to buy insurance, any rebate of premium or any valuable consideration or inducement not specified in the policy. Sharing commission with the insured is a rebate. The exam trap is the exception set: dividends, participating features, and benefits specified in the policy itself are not rebates. Both giving and receiving a rebate can violate the law.

Twisting. Misleading representations, or incomplete or fraudulent comparisons, to induce a policyholder to lapse, forfeit, change, surrender, or convert an existing policy — usually to write a replacement. Twisting is misrepresentation aimed at an existing policy.

Churning. Using the cash or other values of an existing policy issued by the same insurer to purchase or fund a new policy with that insurer, primarily to generate a new commission, without proper disclosure or policyholder benefit. Unlike twisting, churning stays inside one insurer's book.

Unfair discrimination. Discriminating between individuals of the same class and equal expectation of life in life/annuity rates, dividends, or benefits; and in health insurance between individuals of the same class and essentially the same hazard. California layers on further protections, including genetic characteristics and domestic violence status.

Failure to maintain a complaint record, and unfair claims settlement practices (below).

Commissions and sharing

Commission may be paid only to a properly licensed person, and only shared with another licensee holding a license of the appropriate type for the business written. No one may solicit, negotiate, or effect insurance without a license (CIC § 1631), so an unlicensed person may not be paid to do any of those things. Charging a fee in addition to commission requires a written, client-signed agreement disclosing the fee, executed before services are rendered.

Other California marketing rules

• Names and titles. Transact under the name on the license; a fictitious business name requires prior CDI approval. California restricts misleading senior-specialist designations — no certification or designation that falsely implies special expertise in advising seniors.
• Illustrations must comply with California's illustration rules; non-guaranteed elements must be labeled as such and never presented as guaranteed.
• Do-not-call, email, and telemarketing rules apply on top of insurance law.