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第 8 章 · 约 13 分钟读完
Personal Auto, Watercraft and Umbrella (Casualty Objectives III.A–III.D)
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The Casualty outline spends most of its Personal Lines weight here: the California financial responsibility law, the ISO Personal Auto Policy, California's auto statutes on good drivers, cancellation and uninsured motorists, ride-hailing and car sharing, the assigned risk and low-cost programs, and then watercraft and umbrella coverage. Section III.A of the Casualty outline — residential liability and liability endorsements — was taught with the homeowners form in Chapter 6; this chapter starts with the boat.

III.B Marine — Personal Watercraft

A homeowners policy is a poor fit for most boats. Property coverage for watercraft of all types, including trailers and motors, is capped at $1,500[1], and Section II liability applies only to small craft — sailboats under 26 feet and boats with outboard motors of 25 total horsepower or less, among a few other exceptions[1]. A watercraft endorsement to the homeowners policy broadens liability and medical payments for small sailboats and outboard boats[2]; larger boats need a boat owners or yacht policy. Those policies typically combine:

  • Liability — operations liability, passenger liability and, for fleets, flotilla coverage.
  • Medical payments for people aboard.
  • Physical damage to the boat, motor, trailer and equipment.
  • For yachts, hull coverage on the vessel itself and protection and indemnity (P&I) — the marine term for liability coverage.

III.C Personal Auto

1.a The California Financial Responsibility Law

"All drivers and all owners of a motor vehicle shall at all times be able to establish financial responsibility ... and shall at all times carry in the vehicle evidence of the form of financial responsibility in effect for the vehicle"[3]. Financial responsibility is established by being self-insured, being insured under a qualifying policy or bond, being a public entity, being a cash depositor under the Vehicle Code, or another method the DMV authorizes[4]. CDI's auto guide lists the three ways most drivers use: liability insurance from an authorized insurer, a $35,000 cash deposit with the DMV, or a $35,000 surety bond[5].

Minimum limits. For policies issued or renewed on or after January 1, 2025, the minimum liability limits are $30,000 for bodily injury to one person, $60,000 for bodily injury to two or more people in one accident, and $15,000 for property damage[6]. The prior minimums were $15,000/$30,000/$5,000[6], and the minimums rise again for policies issued or renewed on or after January 1, 2035[6]. An auto liability policy issued in California must carry at least these limits[7]. CDI states the minimums the same way for consumers[5].

Notice requirements. An insurer must notify the DMV when a policy is written or the insured stops paying; CDI's guide tells consumers that the insurer "tells the California Department of Motor Vehicles (DMV) if you buy auto insurance or if you stop paying your premium"[5].

1.b Company policies versus the ISO form

The exam uses ISO's Personal Auto Policy (PP 00 01) as the standard[8], but a company's own policy may differ in wording, limits and endorsements, and California amendatory endorsements change the ISO form to meet California statutes (cancellation notice periods, uninsured motorist rules and so on). Always read the actual policy.

1.c The Personal Auto Policy: who and what is covered

  • "You" and "your" — the named insured and a resident spouse. If the spouse moves out, the spouse remains "you" only until the earliest of 90 days after the move, the effective date of another policy naming the spouse, or the end of the policy period[9].
  • "Family member" — a person related to you by blood, marriage or adoption who is a resident of your household, including a ward or foster child[9].
  • "Your covered auto" — any vehicle shown in the declarations, a newly acquired auto, any trailer you own, and a temporary substitute for a covered auto out of use because of breakdown, repair, servicing, loss or destruction[9].
  • Who is insured under Part A — you or any family member for any auto or trailer, and "Any person using 'your covered auto'"[9]. California law requires the policy to cover the named insured and anyone using the vehicle with permission[7].
  • Territory — the United States, its territories or possessions, Puerto Rico, and Canada, plus transport between their ports[9].
  • Share-the-expense versus for-hire. Part A excludes a vehicle used as a public or livery conveyance, including any time the insured is logged into a transportation network platform as a driver, but the exclusion "does not apply to: a. A share-the-expense car pool"[9].

Newly acquired autos

A newly acquired private passenger auto, pickup or van gets the broadest coverage provided for any vehicle shown in the declarations, for everything except damage to your auto, if you ask the insurer to insure it within 14 days after you become the owner[9]. For physical damage:

  • Collision begins on the date you become the owner. If at least one listed auto has collision coverage, you must ask within 14 days; if none does, you must ask within four days, and a $500 collision deductible applies to a loss that happens before you ask[9].
  • Other than collision follows the same 14-day / four-day pattern[9].

CDI's objectives state the same rule: if the insured has collision coverage on at least one listed auto, all coverage on the newly acquired auto begins on the date of ownership[10].

Rental cars and non-owned autos

A non-owned private passenger auto rented for a vacation is covered under Part A because "You or any 'family member'" are insured "for the ownership, maintenance or use of any auto"[9]. Under Part D, a non-owned auto gets the broadest coverage applicable to any covered auto[9], and the policy pays up to $30 a day for loss-of-use charges you owe on a non-owned auto[9]. Liability insurance on a vehicle you do not own is excess over other collectible insurance[9].

1.d Primary and excess coverage

The PAP's liability coverage on a vehicle you do not own is excess over other collectible insurance, while coverage for your covered auto is shared pro rata with other applicable insurance[9]. Part D's "other sources of recovery" clause makes coverage on a non-owned auto "excess over any other collectible source of recovery," including the owner's coverage[9].

1.e The Good Driver Discount

Proposition 103 requires auto rates to be based, in decreasing order of importance, on the insured's driving safety record, annual miles driven, and years of driving experience, then other factors the Commissioner adopts[11]. A person who qualifies may buy a Good Driver Discount policy from the insurer of his or her choice, and its rate must be "at least 20 percent below the rate the insured would otherwise have been charged for the same coverage"[11]. To qualify, a driver must have been licensed for the previous three years and, in those three years, not had more than one violation point, and not been principally at fault in an accident causing injury or death[12]. The absence of prior insurance cannot, by itself, be used to set rates or eligibility[11].

Credit. CDI's objectives state that a consumer credit report cannot be used in California as the basis for declining to insure or as a premium factor for auto insurance[10]. The rating statute explains why: auto rates must follow the approved factors, and "the use of any criterion without approval shall constitute unfair discrimination"[11].

1.f Cancellation and nonrenewal

California limits the reasons an insurer may cancel or nonrenew an auto policy. Proposition 103 allows a notice of cancellation or nonrenewal "only if it is based on one or more of the following reasons: (A) nonpayment of premium; (B) fraud or material misrepresentation affecting the policy or insured; (C) a substantial increase in the hazard insured against"[13]. Section 661 lists the cancellation grounds in more detail, including suspension or revocation of the license of the named insured or a regular driver[14].

Notice periods:

  • Cancellation: at least 20 days, or at least 10 days after nonpayment for a nonpayment cancellation; the cancellation takes effect only if the nonpayment is not cured within the 10 days[15].
  • Renewal offer: at least 20 days before expiration; nonrenewal notice: at least 30 days before expiration[16]. If the insurer fails to give either, the policy continues for 30 days after the notice is given[16].

CDI's guide puts the grounds plainly — fraud or material misrepresentation, nonpayment, or substantial increase in the hazard — and notes the 10-day notice for nonpayment[5].

1.h Ride-hailing (TNC) and personal vehicle sharing

  • Personal auto policies rarely cover TNC driving. The ISO form excludes use as a public or livery conveyance, including whenever the driver is logged into a transportation network platform[9]. Insurers offer products that fill the gap; CDI's guide notes you can buy coverage for business use, "including when driving for a Transportation Network Company"[5].
  • What the TNC must carry. From the moment a driver accepts a ride request until the ride ends, TNC insurance must be primary and at least $1,000,000 for death, personal injury and property damage, and the TNC must provide uninsured and underinsured motorist coverage of $60,000 per person and $300,000 per incident while a passenger is in the vehicle[17].
  • Personal vehicle sharing. A privately insured car is not reclassified as commercial or for-hire just because it is shared through a personal vehicle sharing program, as long as the owner's sharing revenue does not exceed the annual cost of owning and operating the vehicle and the owner does not knowingly allow commercial use[18]. The PAP excludes liability while the car is enrolled in and being used through such a program by someone other than you or a family member[9] — so the program's own insurance must respond.

2. Liability, medical payments and uninsured motorists

Part A — Liability. "We will pay damages for 'bodily injury' or 'property damage' for which any 'insured' becomes legally responsible because of an auto accident," and "In addition to our limit of liability, we will pay all defense costs we incur"[9].

  • Supplementary payments (in addition to the limit): up to $250 for bail bonds, premiums on appeal bonds, post-judgment interest, up to $250 a day for lost earnings to attend hearings at the insurer's request, and other reasonable expenses; these payments do not reduce the limit[9].
  • Split limits versus single limit. A split limit states a per-person bodily injury limit, a per-accident bodily injury limit and a property damage limit; CDI's example: with $50,000/$100,000, the policy will not pay more than $50,000 for one person or $100,000 for one accident[5]. A combined single limit is one sum for bodily injury and property damage per accident[19].
  • Out-of-state coverage. If an accident happens in a state with higher financial responsibility limits, the policy provides the higher limits; if a state requires nonresidents to carry compulsory coverage, the policy provides at least the required minimum[9].
  • Other insurance. For a non-owned vehicle, the PAP liability coverage is excess[9].
  • Key exclusions. Intentional injury; property damage to property owned or transported by the insured, or rented to or in the insured's care (except a residence or private garage); vehicles with fewer than four wheels or designed mainly for off-road use; vehicles furnished for your regular use[9].

Part B — Medical Payments. Pays reasonable medical and funeral expenses "because of 'bodily injury'" caused by an accident and sustained by an insured, incurred within three years of the accident[9], for you and family members while occupying a motor vehicle or as pedestrians struck by one, and for anyone occupying your covered auto[9]. CDI notes the minimum medical payments limit you can buy is $1,000 per person[5], and it pays "no matter who is at fault"[5].

Part C — Uninsured Motorists. Pays compensatory damages an insured is legally entitled to recover from the owner or operator of an uninsured motor vehicle because of bodily injury[9]. An "uninsured motor vehicle" includes one with no bodily injury liability policy, one whose limits are below the financial responsibility minimum, a hit-and-run vehicle whose owner and operator cannot be identified, and one whose insurer denies coverage or becomes insolvent[9].

California's uninsured motorist law:

  • Every auto bodily injury liability policy issued in California must include uninsured motorist coverage unless the named insured and insurer agree in writing to delete it or reduce it — but not below the financial responsibility limits[20]. CDI: "If you choose not to buy it, you must sign a form, called a waiver"[5].
  • Underinsured motorist coverage pays when the at-fault driver's limits are too low[5].
  • Uninsured motorist property damage (UMPD) pays damage to your car caused by an identified at-fault uninsured driver, up to $3,500, if you do not have collision coverage[5].
  • Collision deductible waiver pays your collision deductible when an uninsured at-fault driver damages your car[5].
  • Umbrella and excess policies are not required to include uninsured motorist coverage: "A policy shall be excluded from the application of this section if the automobile liability coverage is provided only on an excess or umbrella basis"[20].

Credit reports and MVRs. Insurers order a Motor Vehicle Report from the DMV — "the state's official record of your accidents, traffic violations, and suspended licenses"[5] — and the federal Fair Credit Reporting Act governs the use of consumer reports; in California, as noted above, credit may not be used to decline or price auto insurance[10, 11].

3. Physical damage and endorsements

Part D — Coverage for Damage to Your Auto pays "for direct and accidental loss to 'your covered auto' or any 'non-owned auto', including its equipment, minus any applicable deductible"[9].

  • Collision means "the upset of 'your covered auto' or a 'non-owned auto' or its impact with another vehicle or object"[9].
  • Other than collision (OTC) — what many insurers still call comprehensive — includes missiles or falling objects, fire, theft, explosion or earthquake, windstorm, hail, water or flood, vandalism, riot, contact with bird or animal, and breakage of glass; glass broken in a collision may be treated as collision at the insured's option[9]. CDI's guide: comprehensive covers damage "caused by something other than a collision"[5]. OTC is a property coverage — it pays for damage to the insured's own car.
  • Valuation. The insurer pays the lesser of actual cash value or the cost to repair or replace with like kind and quality; depreciation and physical condition are considered for a total loss; betterment is not paid[9]. CDI notes collision and comprehensive "provide compensation based on the market value of your car"[5].
  • The insurer's options. It may pay in money or repair or replace the property, and may return stolen property[9].
  • Transportation expenses. Without a deductible, up to $30 a day and $900 total for temporary transportation after a covered loss to your auto; for total theft, beginning 48 hours after the theft[9].
  • Personal effects and equipment. Part D covers the auto "including its equipment"; it excludes loss to non-permanently installed electronic equipment and limits custom equipment to $1,500 unless endorsed[9].
  • Exclusions include wear and tear, freezing, mechanical or electrical breakdown, road damage to tires, and livery use[9].
  • Duties after a loss. Promptly notify the insurer of how, when and where the accident happened; cooperate; submit to physical exams and examinations under oath as required[9]; for uninsured motorist claims, promptly notify police of a hit-and-run[9]; and for damage to your auto, protect it from further loss and notify police of a theft[9].

Common endorsements the objectives list: miscellaneous type vehicle (motor homes, motorcycles, golf carts), limited Mexico coverage, towing and labor, trust, joint ownership, auto loan/lease (GAP) coverage, named non-owner coverage, extended non-owned liability for a vehicle furnished for regular use, optional transportation expense limits, and customizing equipment coverage[10]. CDI's guide describes GAP as paying the difference between the car's fair market value and what is owed on the loan or lease[5].

4. CAARP and the Low-Cost Automobile program

California Automobile Assigned Risk Plan (CAARP). The Commissioner approves a plan for the equitable apportionment among admitted liability insurers of applicants "who are in good faith entitled to but are unable to procure that insurance through ordinary methods," and all such insurers must participate[21]. CDI's guide: CAARP assigns a driver to an insurer, all participating insurers charge the same premiums, installments are allowed, and "There is no broker's fee if you buy a CAARP policy"[5]. Eligibility standards may consider the applicant's driving record, license suspensions, accidents, and the condition or use of the car[22].

California Low-Cost Automobile Insurance (CLCA). A program within CAARP[23]:

  • Limits: $10,000 per person and $20,000 per accident for bodily injury, $3,000 for property damage — lower than the standard minimums but satisfying financial responsibility for program participants[5, 24].
  • Eligibility: household income at or below 250% of the federal poverty level; at least 16 and continuously licensed for three years (or pay a surcharge); no more than one at-fault property damage accident or one moving-violation point in three years; no at-fault injury accident; no Vehicle Code felony or misdemeanor on the record[25]. CDI adds that the car must be worth $25,000 or less[5].
  • Terms: a one-year term, renewable annually[24]; an installment plan with no more than 20% down[26]; uninsured motorist and medical payments available as options[27].

Sources cited in this excerpt

  1. Homeowners 3 - Special Form, HO 00 03 05 11 (specimen filed with and published by the Nevada Division of Insurance). Insurance Services Office, Inc., 2010-05-01. https://doi.nv.gov/uploadedFiles/doinvgov/_public-documents/Consumers/Home/American_Family/Homesite_HO_00_03_05_11.pdf
  2. Home Insurance Forms (consumer information page). Alabama Department of Insurance, 2026-09-24. https://aldoi.gov/Consumers/HomeInsForms.aspx
  3. California Vehicle Code section 16020, text as retrieved 2026-09-24 (Amended by Stats. 2022, Ch. 295, Sec. 13. (AB 2956) Effective January 1, 2023.). California Legislature (California Legislative Information, leginfo.legislature.ca.gov), 2023-01-01. https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/codes_displaySection.xhtml?lawCode=VEH&sectionNum=16020
  4. California Vehicle Code section 16021, text as retrieved 2026-09-24 (Amended by Stats. 2003, Ch. 594, Sec. 41. Effective January 1, 2004.). California Legislature (California Legislative Information, leginfo.legislature.ca.gov), 2004-01-01. https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/codes_displaySection.xhtml?lawCode=VEH&sectionNum=16021
  5. Automobile Insurance information guide (Form 901, February 2025). California Department of Insurance, 2025-02-01. https://www.insurance.ca.gov/01-consumers/105-type/95-guides/01-auto/upload/IG-Auto-Insurance-Updated-020525.pdf
  6. California Vehicle Code section 16056, text as retrieved 2026-09-24 (Amended (as added by Stats. 2022, Ch. 717, Sec. 3) by Stats. 2023, Ch. 204, Sec. 19. (AB 1140) Effective January 1, 2024. Operative January 1, 2025, by its own provisions.). California Legislature (California Legislative Information, leginfo.legislature.ca.gov), 2025-01-01. https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/codes_displaySection.xhtml?lawCode=VEH&sectionNum=16056
  7. California Insurance Code section 11580.1, text as retrieved 2026-09-24 (Amended by Stats. 2016, Ch. 31, Sec. 176. (SB 836) Effective June 27, 2016.). California Legislature (California Legislative Information, leginfo.legislature.ca.gov), 2016-06-27. https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/codes_displaySection.xhtml?lawCode=INS&sectionNum=11580.1
  8. Property License Examination Objectives (effective January 1, 2026). California Department of Insurance, 2026-01-01. https://www.insurance.ca.gov/0200-industry/0030-seek-pre-lic/upload/2025-Property-License-Examination-Objectives.docx
  9. Personal Auto Policy, PP 00 01 09 18 (specimen published by the Virginia State Corporation Commission, Bureau of Insurance). Insurance Services Office, Inc., 2018-09-01. https://www.scc.virginia.gov/media/sccvirginiagov-home/regulated-industries/insurance/insurance-companies/property-casualty-companies/personal-commercial-auto-forms/PP-00-01-09-18.pdf
  10. Casualty License Examination Objectives (effective January 1, 2026). California Department of Insurance, 2026-01-01. https://www.insurance.ca.gov/0200-industry/0030-seek-pre-lic/upload/2025-Casualty-License-Examination-Objectives.docx
  11. California Insurance Code section 1861.02, text as retrieved 2026-09-24 (Amended by Stats. 2015, Ch. 348, Sec. 14. (AB 1515) Effective January 1, 2016. Note: This section was added on Nov. 8, 1988, by initiative Prop. 103.). California Legislature (California Legislative Information, leginfo.legislature.ca.gov), 2016-01-01. https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/codes_displaySection.xhtml?lawCode=INS&sectionNum=1861.02
  12. California Insurance Code section 1861.025, text as retrieved 2026-09-24 (Amended by Stats. 2015, Ch. 348, Sec. 15. (AB 1515) Effective January 1, 2016.). California Legislature (California Legislative Information, leginfo.legislature.ca.gov), 2016-01-01. https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/codes_displaySection.xhtml?lawCode=INS&sectionNum=1861.025
  13. California Insurance Code section 1861.03, text as retrieved 2026-09-24 (Amended by Stats. 2018, Ch. 776, Sec. 13. (AB 3250) Effective January 1, 2019. Note: This section was added on Nov. 8, 1988, by initiative Prop. 103.). California Legislature (California Legislative Information, leginfo.legislature.ca.gov), 2019-01-01. https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/codes_displaySection.xhtml?lawCode=INS&sectionNum=1861.03
  14. California Insurance Code section 661, text as retrieved 2026-09-24 (Amended by Stats. 2012, Ch. 786, Sec. 5. (AB 2303) Effective January 1, 2013.). California Legislature (California Legislative Information, leginfo.legislature.ca.gov), 2013-01-01. https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/codes_displaySection.xhtml?lawCode=INS&sectionNum=661
  15. California Insurance Code section 662, text as retrieved 2026-09-24 (Amended by Stats. 2024, Ch. 793, Sec. 1. (SB 1295) Effective January 1, 2025.). California Legislature (California Legislative Information, leginfo.legislature.ca.gov), 2025-01-01. https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/codes_displaySection.xhtml?lawCode=INS&sectionNum=662
  16. California Insurance Code section 663, text as retrieved 2026-09-24 (Repealed (in Sec. 6) and added by Stats. 2013, Ch. 369, Sec. 7. (SB 251) Effective January 1, 2014. Section operative January 1, 2019, by its own provisions.). California Legislature (California Legislative Information, leginfo.legislature.ca.gov), 2014-01-01. https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/codes_displaySection.xhtml?lawCode=INS&sectionNum=663
  17. California Public Utilities Code section 5433, text as retrieved 2026-09-24 (Amended by Stats. 2025, Ch. 314, Sec. 3. (SB 371) Effective January 1, 2026.). California Legislature (California Legislative Information, leginfo.legislature.ca.gov), 2026-01-01. https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/codes_displaySection.xhtml?lawCode=PUC&sectionNum=5433
  18. California Insurance Code section 11580.24, text as retrieved 2026-09-24 (Amended by Stats. 2024, Ch. 244, Sec. 1. (AB 2743) Effective January 1, 2025.). California Legislature (California Legislative Information, leginfo.legislature.ca.gov), 2025-01-01. https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/codes_displaySection.xhtml?lawCode=INS&sectionNum=11580.24
  19. Commercial Insurance information guide (Form 700, June 2024). California Department of Insurance, 2024-06-01. https://www.insurance.ca.gov/01-consumers/105-type/95-guides/09-comm/upload/IG-Commercial-Insurance-Updated-061524.pdf
  20. California Insurance Code section 11580.2, text as retrieved 2026-09-24 (Amended by Stats. 2005, Ch. 294, Sec. 23. Effective January 1, 2006.). California Legislature (California Legislative Information, leginfo.legislature.ca.gov), 2006-01-01. https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/codes_displaySection.xhtml?lawCode=INS&sectionNum=11580.2
  21. California Insurance Code section 11620, text as retrieved 2026-09-24 (Amended by Stats. 2017, Ch. 534, Sec. 69. (AB 1699) Effective January 1, 2018.). California Legislature (California Legislative Information, leginfo.legislature.ca.gov), 2018-01-01. https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/codes_displaySection.xhtml?lawCode=INS&sectionNum=11620
  22. California Insurance Code section 11624, text as retrieved 2026-09-24 (Amended by Stats. 1993, Ch. 1133, Sec. 1. Effective January 1, 1994.). California Legislature (California Legislative Information, leginfo.legislature.ca.gov), 1994-01-01. https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/codes_displaySection.xhtml?lawCode=INS&sectionNum=11624
  23. California Insurance Code section 11629.7, text as retrieved 2026-09-24 (Amended by Stats. 2014, Ch. 487, Sec. 1. (SB 1273) Effective January 1, 2015.). California Legislature (California Legislative Information, leginfo.legislature.ca.gov), 2015-01-01. https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/codes_displaySection.xhtml?lawCode=INS&sectionNum=11629.7
  24. California Insurance Code section 11629.71, text as retrieved 2026-09-24 (Amended by Stats. 2014, Ch. 487, Sec. 2. (SB 1273) Effective January 1, 2015.). California Legislature (California Legislative Information, leginfo.legislature.ca.gov), 2015-01-01. https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/codes_displaySection.xhtml?lawCode=INS&sectionNum=11629.71
  25. California Insurance Code section 11629.73, text as retrieved 2026-09-24 (Amended by Stats. 2019, Ch. 274, Sec. 2. (SB 570) Effective January 1, 2020.). California Legislature (California Legislative Information, leginfo.legislature.ca.gov), 2020-01-01. https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/codes_displaySection.xhtml?lawCode=INS&sectionNum=11629.73
  26. California Insurance Code section 11629.72, text as retrieved 2026-09-24 (Amended by Stats. 2019, Ch. 274, Sec. 1. (SB 570) Effective January 1, 2020.). California Legislature (California Legislative Information, leginfo.legislature.ca.gov), 2020-01-01. https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/codes_displaySection.xhtml?lawCode=INS&sectionNum=11629.72
  27. California Insurance Code section 11629.75, text as retrieved 2026-09-24 (Repealed and added by Stats. 2019, Ch. 274, Sec. 5. (SB 570) Effective January 1, 2020.). California Legislature (California Legislative Information, leginfo.legislature.ca.gov), 2020-01-01. https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/codes_displaySection.xhtml?lawCode=INS&sectionNum=11629.75
1

一般保险原理(财产与意外险视角)

财产与意外(P&C)保险建立在一小组法律与经济原理之上,正是这些原理解释了保险公司为什么愿意只收取数百美元的保费却赔付数千甚至数十万美元。本章涵盖什么样的风险才可承保、保险合同的特殊性质、财产保险中”保险利益必须在损失发生时存在”这一与人寿保险截然不同的时点规则、损失补偿原则如何限制赔付,以及理赔员在现场实际使用的条款(代位求偿、其他保险、共保、免赔额)。掌握这八节内容大约对应考试中5%的题目,同时也是后续每一章财产与意外险知识的基础。

2

加州保险法典与P&C道德

本章是加州P&C经纪人代理人考试中权重最大的单一主题。题目考察加州保险局(CDI)针对代理人和保险公司执行的规则:不公平行为如何界定、理赔如何处理、代理人执照如何取得、维持和丧失、保费如何作为信托资金保管、被保险人的隐私如何受到保护、欺诈如何预防和处罚。下列十二节梳理了考试常考的法规与细则,包括最常考查的具体时限和条文编号。掌握这些内容,大约每五道考题中就有一道已胜券在握。

3

财产保险基础

本章涵盖几乎每份加州考试涉及的财产保单都共有的核心机制:承保风险如何列出、标准保单拒绝赔付哪些损失、财产如何分类,以及出险时金额如何计算。约每十题考题中有一题来自这部分内容,且相同概念在房主、住宅和商业财产章节中反复出现。掌握列明风险与开放风险的区别、基本和广泛风险的内容、标准除外责任、实际现金价值与重置成本的差异、共同保险罚则的算法,以及保护抵押权人、控制空置、规范代位求偿与多保单分摊的条款,即便遇到陌生表述,你也能立刻识别正确答案的方向。

4

住宅保单(DP)

住宅财产项目用于承保不适合房主项目的住宅建筑:出租房、季节性住宅、因条件原因无法通过房主核保的老房子,以及业主仅需财产保障的一至四户家庭小型物业。本章介绍三种ISO住宅表格(DP-1、DP-2、DP-3)、资格条件、各项字母保障、承保危险、理赔条件(包括共保和60天空置规则)、最常见的批单,以及一个核心事实——住宅保单基础表格不包含任何责任保障。掌握以下八节内容大致覆盖考试7%的题目。

5

住宅保险(HO保单格式)

住宅(HO)保单是加州销量最大的个人险种财产合同,在加州财产与意外险经纪人考试中约占15%的题目。该套餐将不动产保障、个人财产保障、使用损失保障、个人责任和对他人医疗费用合并为一份合同,共享同一份声明页、除外责任和条件条款。本章依次讲解六种常见的保单格式(HO-2、HO-3、HO-4、HO-5、HO-6、HO-8)、第I节四项财产保障(A至D项)、第II节两项责任保障(E与F项)、标准除外责任、损失结算规则、特殊内部限额、抵押权人与宽延等重要条款,以及加州特有的法定地震险提供义务、§675.1野火暂缓期、FAIR计划这一最后市场和公平理赔处理实务条例。掌握这12节,你就拿下了考试中最大的一块。

6

商业财产保险

商业财产保险保护各种规模企业所拥有的建筑、办公物品、收入流以及可移动财产。与房屋业主保单作为一份打包合同出售不同,商业财产保险是模块化的:代理人需把多份独立表格(声明、条件、承保表和损失原因表)组合在一起,再加上为被保险人量身定做的批单和可选承保项目。本章依次讲解模块化结构如何拼合、三种损失原因表、最常用的「建筑与商业动产承保表」(BPP / CP 00 10)、营业收入和额外费用保险、一体化的「商业业主保单」(BOP)、专项险种(建造商风险、设备故障、商业犯罪、内陆海运、海上保险),以及每位经纪人代理人必须掌握的保单机制:共同保险、协定价值和空置条件。掌握以下十节内容,约可覆盖加州 P&C 考试 10% 的题量。

7

汽车保险——个人与商业

汽车保险是加州财产与意外险中最大的业务线,也是经纪人-代理人考试中重点考查的主题。本章讲解加州强制性财务责任法的运作方式,逐一介绍标准个人汽车保单(PAP)的六大部分,明确区分碰撞险与非碰撞损失(综合险),说明无保险驾驶人和不足保险驾驶人保障如何在对方司机保险不足或无保险时保护被保险人,并阐释第103号提案创设的加州特殊定价规则以及面向低收入合格驾驶员的低收入计划。随后转向商业汽车:商用汽车保障表的代码系统、汽车经销商(车库)保障表、机动运输承运人保障表,以及每家企业都需要应对的租用与非自有车辆风险敞口。掌握以下十二节内容,相当于覆盖了约百分之十五的考题。

8

意外伤害与责任保险

意外伤害(casualty)保险是财产与意外伤害保险中的另一半,当被保险人因伤害他人或损坏他人财产而依法承担责任时由其赔付。如果说财产保险回答的是「我损失了什么?」,那么意外伤害保险回答的则是「我欠了谁多少?」。本章首先建立疏忽法的法律基础,然后介绍构筑其上的主要商业责任产品:商业一般责任(CGL)保单、职业责任、董事及高级职员保险、雇佣行为责任、网络责任、伞式保险,以及加州的若干特别责任法规。考试中约有十分之一的题目源自本章内容,且本章的概念也会延伸到汽车、房主和工伤等章节。

9

工伤赔偿保险

工伤赔偿是加州历史最久的强制性商业保险,也是雇主一旦没有它就最有可能同时面临刑事与民事后果的险种。本章带你了解该制度核心的"无过错交换"、根据《劳动法典》§3700谁必须投保、标准保单如何围绕第一部分与第二部分构建、受伤雇员实际可获得的给付,以及加州如何处理理赔、分类与保费。该题型约占考试7%,理解其结构会回报你好几道考题。

10

加州特有的财产与意外险规则

加州在标准财产与意外险之上叠加了厚厚一层只在本州适用的规则。这些规则源自毁灭性地震、反复发生的山火、选民倡议案以及加州保险局长期的消费者保护宗旨。本主题约占代理-经纪人执照考试的3%,但规则却渗透到日常业务的方方面面:每一份住宅财产报价、每一份签发在山火邮编区的汽车保单、每一笔超过40天的理赔。本章将系统讲解必须熟记的八项加州特有规则——从103号提案下的事先批准费率制,到FAIR计划、加州地震局(CEA)、山火不续保暂停令、《公平理赔结算实务条例》、书面UM拒绝、汽车车身维修消费者权利法案和低成本汽车保险计划。

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