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自2025年1月1日起，SB 1107（《保护加州驾驶人法案》）将加州个人汽车责任险的强制最低分项限额设定为30/60/15——每人人身伤害30,000美元、每次事故人身伤害60,000美元、每次事故财产损失15,000美元——并修订了车辆法第16056条，取代了1967年至2024年间适用的15/30/5限额。这些只是法律下限；保险公司和代理人可以承保更高限额，通常也建议如此。

个人汽车保单的C部分是未投保驾车人和投保不足驾车人保障。A部分是第三方责任险，B部分是第一方医疗费用险，D部分是被保车辆损失（碰撞与综合险）。

虽然撞动物感觉像是碰撞，但个人汽车保单将与鸟或动物的撞击归类为D部分下的非碰撞（综合险）损失。这通常意味着适用较低的综合险自付额，而不是碰撞险自付额。

加州保险法第11580.2条要求每家个人汽车保险公司按等于责任限额的限额提供UM保障。被保险人只能通过签署书面豁免书来拒绝UM或选择较低限额。如无此类签署的书面文件，根据法律UM将按责任限额生效。

保险法第1861.02(a)条，由1988年的103号提案制定，要求个人汽车费率按以下顺序赋予最大权重：被保险人的驾驶安全记录、年驾驶英里数、驾驶经验年限。可选因素（车辆类型、停车地点、婚姻状况、续保性、学业记录）只能在这三个主要因素之后使用。

保险法第1861.05条，103号提案的费率条款，使加州成为事先批准州。任何费率变更必须向加州保险厅备案并在实施前获得批准。这与'备案并使用'或'使用并备案'州不同。

车辆法第16028条要求每位驾驶员在车内携带财务责任证明，并在执法人员要求时或事故后出示。即使保单技术上有效，驾驶时手头没有证明本身就是违法行为。保险公司颁发的保险ID卡是标准的证明形式。

个人汽车保单的A部分除外因以收费方式载人或载物使用车辆而产生的责任，其中包括基于应用程序的食品和包裹配送工作。没有配送或网约车批单，PAP保险公司将拒赔，使应用的商业保障（如有）成为唯一潜在来源。

加州TNC法律将驾驶员的风险敞口分为三个时段。第1时段是应用打开、驾驶员等待订单的时段。第2时段是从接受订单到接乘客。第3时段是从乘客上车到乘客下车。没有TNC批单，PAP通常除外第2和第3时段，且经常也除外第1时段。

CLCA根据保险法第11629.7条等创建，是一个收入符合条件、良好驾驶员、仅责任险的计划，由加州汽车指定风险计划（CAARP）管理。其金额限额低于标准的30/60/15，但依法被视为满足财务责任要求。驾驶员必须至少19岁。CLCA不承保碰撞或综合险损失。

加州UIM根据保险法第11580.2(p)条是一项'差额限额'保障。受伤的被保险人必须首先用尽肇事方的责任限额；然后UIM赔付肇事方限额与被保险人自己UIM限额之间的差额，最多不超过实际损失。加州不是'超额'UIM州。

B部分医疗费用险是PAP中的一项小型第一方、无过错保障，无论过错如何，都赔付具名被保险人、家庭成员和被保车辆其他乘客产生的合理医疗费用。A部分是第三方责任险，C部分需要未投保的肇事驾驶员，D部分赔付被保险人车辆的实物损失。

ISO PAP的定义将具名被保险人身份自动延伸到与具名被保险人同住一家的配偶。同住的家庭成员和许可使用人也受保障，但他们不是'具名被保险人' - 他们是保单下的被保险人。不同住的家庭成员和商业合伙人不会自动受到保障。

玻璃破碎和车辆被盗（或车辆故意破坏损害）是D部分下典型的非碰撞（综合险）损失。请注意，笔记本电脑属于个人财物，不是车辆的一部分，根本不会被汽车保单覆盖 - 应由房主或租户保单赔付。

根据加州的UM框架，'叠加'（将多辆车或多张保单的UM限额相加）通常被禁止。被保险人不能通过简单地在同一保单上添加额外车辆或持有多张保单来倍增UM保障。限额按声明上显示的水平每次事故适用。

被保险人自己车辆因与其他车辆或物体撞击造成的损害由D部分的碰撞险赔付，需承担碰撞险自付额。邻居车辆（第三方财产）的损害由被保险人的A部分责任险赔付。

PAP将自动保障延伸到新购车辆，但被保险人必须在保单规定的时间段内向保险公司报告购车 - 通常某些保障为14天，其他保障可达30天，视格式而定。未及时通知保险公司可能使新车辆的实物损失保障特别无法执行。

F部分是PAP的一般条款。它包括保单地域（美国、其领土或属地、波多黎各和加拿大）、未经保险公司同意禁止转让利益、两车和多车条款、取消程序和终止。

E部分 - 事故或损失后的义务 - 要求被保险人（1）及时通知保险公司事故或损失发生的方式、时间和地点，（2）配合调查、和解和任何索赔的辩护，（3）必要时接受宣誓询问，以及（4）授权保险公司获取医疗和其他记录。未履行这些义务可能使保障失效或受限。

PAP的A部分除外故意行为。责任保险用于赔付非故意的意外损失；因路怒造成的故意损害不予赔付，即使损失是对第三方造成的。过失行为、许可使用和合法变道导致的事故正是A部分设计用于赔付的非故意损失类型。

保险法第11580.2条要求UM保障必须按等于责任限额的限额提供。被保险人可以选择较低的UM限额或完全拒绝UM，但只能通过签署书面豁免书。文件中没有豁免书时，UM默认为与责任险相同的限额 - 此处为所选的30,000美元/60,000美元。

根据PAP的A部分，'被保险人'包括经具名被保险人允许使用被保车辆的任何人。朋友经允许借用车辆因此是责任险的被保险人，保单将根据保单限额赔付第三方的索赔。朋友自己的汽车保单也可以作为超额赔付。

根据加州第一方财产/汽车原则，被保险人对其自己保险公司的碰撞索赔赔付维修费用或实际现金价值，价值减损（维修后转售价值的剩余损失）通常在该第一方索赔中不可追回。在某些情况下，价值减损可在侵权法下向肇事第三方追究，但不能从被保险人自己的碰撞险中追回。

当受损车辆的维修费用加残值超过其实际现金价值（ACV）时，根据D部分该车辆被视为推定全损。保险公司支付ACV（减适用的自付额）并取得残值的所有权。这避免了在不经济的维修上浪费资金。

交通费用（租车报销，有时标为'使用损失'）是D部分的可选附加保障，在被保险人的被保车辆因受保损失停用期间，每日支付一定金额用于租车。拖车和劳工保障仅支付拖车本身，不支付租车。医疗费用和综合险不支付租车费用。

A部分除外在任何有组织赛车或速度比赛中使用车辆。每日通勤到常规工作、度假驾驶和普通家务出行正是PAP定价和设计要覆盖的个人用途。赛车需要赛道日批单或专门的赛车保单。

根据加州保险法第11580.2条，无法识别身份的肇事逃逸驾驶员被视为'未投保驾车人'，受害者自己在C部分的UM人身伤害保障旨在赔付人身伤害索赔，需满足法规规定的身体接触和佐证要求。

根据保险法第1861.02条和10 CCR §2632.5，三个强制性主要费率因素按顺序为驾驶安全记录、年驾驶英里数和驾驶经验年限。车辆类型／品牌／型号是允许的可选次要因素之一，只能在三个主要因素获得最大权重之后使用。禁止的因素包括信用历史和邮编作为独立主要因素。

Part A (Liability Coverage) responds when the insured is legally responsible for bodily injury or property damage to others from the use of a covered auto, paying damages and providing a legal defense. Part B pays medical expenses for the insured and passengers, Part C covers injuries caused by uninsured or underinsured drivers, and Part D covers physical damage to the insured's own vehicle.

Collision coverage pays for damage to the insured's own auto from colliding with another vehicle or object, such as a tree, or from upset (overturning), regardless of fault. Liability coverage pays for damage the insured causes to others, medical payments covers injuries to the insured and passengers, and uninsured motorists covers injuries caused by an uninsured at-fault driver, none of which apply to the insured's own vehicle damage.

Other-than-collision (comprehensive) coverage pays for losses not caused by collision or upset, including theft, fire, vandalism, hail, flood, glass breakage, and animal strikes. Rear-ending a vehicle, rolling over, and sideswiping a guardrail are all collision or upset losses covered under collision coverage. Theft of the vehicle is a classic comprehensive loss.

Split limits are read as bodily injury per person / bodily injury per accident / property damage per accident. So 50/100/25 means up to $50,000 for one injured person, up to $100,000 total for all bodily injury in one accident, and up to $25,000 for property damage per accident. State law sets the minimum required limits, but the way split limits are read is national.

Uninsured motorists coverage protects an insured who is injured by an at-fault driver carrying no liability insurance, or who cannot be identified such as in a hit-and-run. It supplies the liability protection the negligent driver failed to carry. Damage to the insured's own vehicle is covered under Part D, and injuring others is a Part A liability matter, not uninsured motorists coverage.

The Personal Auto Policy defines covered autos to include the vehicles listed on the declarations plus, within policy rules, newly acquired autos (for a limited time, sometimes requiring notice) and a temporary substitute auto used while a covered vehicle is out of service. This prevents a coverage gap when the insured changes cars or uses a loaner during repairs, though specific conditions and time limits apply.

The six parts run A liability, B medical payments, C uninsured motorists, D damage to your auto, E duties after an accident, and F general provisions. Part B pays reasonable medical expenses for the insured, family members and passengers hurt in a covered accident, without regard to fault. The choice that puts third-party injury claims in Part C confuses uninsured motorists coverage, which pays the insured, with Part A liability.

The policy defines "you" and "your" as the named insured shown on the declarations page and that person's spouse if the spouse is a resident of the same household. Relatives living in the household are also insureds, but the policy calls them family members rather than "you". A permissive driver of the covered auto is an insured for liability purposes without ever becoming the named insured.

A family member is a person related to the named insured by blood, marriage or adoption who is a resident of the household, and the definition reaches a ward or foster child. Both parts of the test must be met, so an out-of-town relative fails the residency half and a roommate fails the relationship half. Family members are insureds without being listed as drivers on the declarations.

The definition of "your covered auto" includes any trailer the named insured owns, so a utility trailer is a covered auto for liability whether it is hitched or standing. A trailer here means a vehicle designed to be pulled by a private passenger auto, pickup or van. The fewer-than-four-wheels exclusion is aimed at motorized vehicles such as motorcycles, not at owned trailers.

A temporary substitute is a vehicle the insured does not own, used with permission, while a covered auto is out of normal use because of breakdown, repair, servicing, loss or destruction. A car borrowed while the listed vehicle sits in the shop fits that definition and is a covered auto for the week. No endorsement or notice to the insurer is needed to make the substitution work.

Part A makes any person using the covered auto with permission an insured for that use, so the borrowing friend has the policy's liability protection behind him. Coverage on an owned auto responds for the driver; residency in the household is the test for a family member, not for a permissive user. The friend's own policy is not required to pay the $60,000 first.

The named insured and family members are insureds for the ownership, maintenance or use of any auto or trailer, not only the vehicles shown on the declarations, so liability follows the resident son into a borrowed car. Family members are insureds by definition and do not have to be listed as drivers. The exclusions still apply, notably one for a vehicle furnished for the son's regular use.

The insurer has both the right and the duty to defend any suit asking for damages that Part A would pay, and it may investigate and settle any claim as it thinks appropriate. The duty is tied to the allegations, so it does not extend to a suit seeking damages the policy does not cover. It ends once the limit of liability has been exhausted by payment of judgments or settlements.

Defense is a separate promise, not a payment of damages, so the cost of defending sits outside the limit of liability: $100,000 of damages plus $30,000 of defense equals $130,000 out of the insurer's pocket. The answer that nets defense out of the limit would leave the claimant $30,000 short of the judgment. Nothing is billed back to the insured, and Part A carries no deductible.

The per-person cap trims the $150,000 claim to $100,000, while the second person is paid $80,000 in full; $100,000 + $80,000 = $180,000, which fits inside the $300,000 per-accident limit. Property damage draws on its own $50,000 limit, so the $12,000 car is paid entirely, and $180,000 + $12,000 = $192,000. The $242,000 figure comes from ignoring the per-person cap altogether.

Apply the per-person cap first: $90,000 + $100,000 + $100,000 + $60,000 = $350,000. That total then runs into the $300,000 per-accident limit, so $300,000 is the most payable for all bodily injury in the accident and the claimants share it. The $350,000 answer stops after the per-person step, and $420,000 is the untrimmed sum of the four claims.

The third number in a split limit is property damage per accident, so $50,000 is the most payable for all property destroyed in one accident even though the car and fence total $75,000. The insured personally owes the $25,000 shortfall. The $100,000 answer borrows the bodily injury per-person figure, which has nothing to do with damaged property.

A combined single limit is one pot of money for everything arising out of one accident, so bodily injury and property damage compete for the same dollars and no per-person cap gets in the way. Split limits instead set a per-person injury cap, a per-accident injury cap, and a separate property damage cap. The answer that describes separate injury and property amounts is a split limit, not a combined one.

One limit answers for the whole accident, so add everything up: $200,000 + $50,000 + $80,000 = $330,000 of damages against a single $300,000 limit. The insurer pays $300,000 and the insured is exposed for the $30,000 difference. The answer that counts only the two injury claims forgets that property damage draws on the same limit, and a combined single limit has no per-person cap to apply.

Supplementary payments are made over and above the limit of liability, so the claimant still receives the full limit. They include bail bonds up to $250, the premium on an appeal bond, interest accruing after a judgment, up to $200 a day for loss of earnings when the insurer asks the insured to attend, and other expenses incurred at the insurer's request. The answer that subtracts them from the limit describes how defense costs work under some other lines, not here.

Supplementary payments include the cost of bail bonds required because of an accident covered by the policy, capped at $250, so the insurer funds $250 and the insured covers the remaining $250 of the $500 bail. The cap is a maximum, not a per-day figure. The $200 answer confuses the bail cap with the separate daily allowance for lost earnings.

The policy pays up to $200 a day for loss of earnings when the insurer asks the insured to attend a hearing or trial, so four days produce 4 x $200 = $800 and the extra $60 a day is the insured's own loss. Choosing the full $1,040 ignores the daily cap. The $250 figure is the bail bond maximum, a different supplementary payment entirely.

Part A excludes bodily injury or property damage caused intentionally by or at the direction of an insured, because insurance responds to fortuitous accidents rather than deliberate harm. Operating a covered auto does not rescue the claim; the exclusion turns on intent, not on the vehicle. The answer that waits for a criminal conviction also misreads it, since the exclusion applies whether or not a court ever acts.

Part A excludes damage to property owned by, transported by, rented to, used by, or in the care of an insured, and a borrowed trailer hitched to the insured's car is squarely in the insured's care. Liability coverage is for damage to other people's property the insured is not looking after; bailee-type exposures need different coverage. The answer applying a deductible also misstates Part A, which has none.

Part A excludes bodily injury to an employee of an insured during the course of employment when workers compensation benefits are required or available, because that exposure belongs to workers compensation and employers liability coverage. A domestic employee not entitled to those benefits is the recognized exception. The answer that pays the excess over comp describes how some other coverages coordinate, not this exclusion.

Part A excludes liability while a vehicle is being used to carry persons or property for a fee, and a paid delivery run is exactly that, so the $18,000 falls back on the insured. A share-the-expense car pool is the recognized exception, because riders splitting costs are not paying a fee. Owning the vehicle does not defeat the exclusion, which looks at how the auto was being used.

Part A excludes liability arising out of employment or other use in the auto business, which the policy describes as selling, repairing, servicing, storing or parking vehicles. A test drive after a repair is business use, and a garage policy rather than a personal auto policy is written for it. Having the customer's permission does not matter, and neither does whether the mechanic owns the shop.

Part A excludes liability arising out of the ownership, maintenance or use of a vehicle having fewer than four wheels, so a motorcycle or moped needs its own policy or an endorsement drafted for it. Being the named insured does not help, because the exclusion is written around the vehicle rather than the driver. Reporting the bike to the insurer would not cure it either, since the policy simply is not built for two wheels.

Part A excludes any vehicle other than a covered auto that is owned by the insured or furnished or available for the insured's regular use, and a company car handed over for everyday driving is the classic example. A genuinely occasional borrowed car is different and is not caught. An extended non-owned coverage endorsement is the usual way to close this gap.

Part A excludes any person using a vehicle without a reasonable belief of being entitled to do so, so a driver who takes a car without asking is not an insured under the owner's policy. Coverage on the auto does not convert an unauthorized taker into an insured. Whether anyone calls the police is beside the point; the test is what the driver could reasonably have believed.

The out-of-state provision interprets the policy to provide at least the minimum amounts and types of coverage the other jurisdiction demands of a nonresident, so the insured is not left short while travelling. It is an automatic adjustment written into Part A, which is why no separate trip policy is needed. It does not pay twice for the same damages, and coverage is not suspended at the border.

Medical payments is a per-person limit, so each injured person is looked at separately: the driver collects $5,000 of the $6,500, and the passengers are paid $3,000 and $1,200 in full, giving $5,000 + $3,000 + $1,200 = $9,200. The $5,000 answer treats the limit as one pot for the whole accident, which is not how a per-person limit works. Who caused the accident does not change the calculation.

Part B pays reasonable expenses for necessary medical and funeral services caused by an accident, and only for services incurred within the period the policy states after the date of the accident. It covers the named insured and family members while occupying an auto or when struck as pedestrians, plus other people occupying the covered auto. Fault plays no part, which rules out the answer that waits for another driver to be blamed; injuries to that other driver are a Part A liability matter.

Part B is a small first-party coverage that pays medical and funeral expenses for the insured, family members and passengers whether or not anyone was negligent, while Part A pays third parties only when the insured is legally responsible. Lost wages and pain and suffering are liability damages, so they belong to Part A. Part B is also narrower than health insurance, being limited to accident-related expenses within a per-person limit.

Part C pays the compensatory damages an insured is legally entitled to recover from the owner or operator of an uninsured motor vehicle, so negligence still has to be established even though the insured collects from his own insurer. Dropping the fault requirement would describe a no-fault coverage, which Part C is not. A driver whose limits are simply too low is the underinsured situation, offered as a separate option in most states.

A hit-and-run vehicle whose owner and operator cannot be identified is treated as an uninsured motor vehicle, so Part C responds rather than denying the claim. The first number is the per-person limit, so $50,000 is the most payable for one injured person and the insured absorbs the other $20,000. The $100,000 figure is the per-accident total, which matters only when more than one person is hurt.

Underinsured motorists coverage, offered as an option in most states, applies when the at-fault driver does carry liability insurance but not enough of it to pay the insured's damages. Uninsured motorists coverage answers the driver who carries none at all, and it also treats an unidentified hit-and-run vehicle as uninsured. How the underinsured payment coordinates with what the other driver's insurer pays is set by each state's law.

Collision means the covered auto striking another vehicle or object, or overturning. Fire, theft and glass breakage are other-than-collision causes of loss, and contact with a bird or animal is listed there as well, so the choice naming animal contact points at the wrong coverage. Which cause of loss applies decides which deductible is subtracted.

Contact with a bird or animal is a named other-than-collision cause of loss, so the $250 deductible applies: $1,900 - $250 = $1,650. Treating the deer strike as a collision would wrongly subtract $500 and pay $1,400. One loss is subject to one deductible, and physical damage claims are not paid without one.

Striking a fixed object such as a guardrail is impact, so collision responds and the $500 deductible applies: $3,400 - $500 = $2,900. Calling the guardrail a falling object would apply the $250 comprehensive deductible for $3,150, but the auto struck the rail rather than being struck by it. Deductibles are not stacked on a single loss.

Breakage of glass and damage from a missile or falling object are named other-than-collision causes of loss, so the comprehensive deductible applies. Classing it as collision would apply the collision deductible, typically the larger of the two. Liability pays for damage the insured does to others, so it does not repair the insured's own glass.

Water and flood are named other-than-collision causes of loss on the auto form, so a flooded car is settled as a comprehensive loss subject to that deductible. Homeowners and dwelling forms do exclude flood, which is why the choice calling flood universally excluded fails; auto physical damage is the exception. Federal flood insurance covers buildings and their contents, not cars.

Malicious mischief, vandalism and civil commotion are named other-than-collision causes of loss, so the comprehensive deductible applies: $1,250 - $250 = $1,000. Nothing about a deliberate act by a stranger triggers collision, so subtracting a $500 collision deductible for $750 misreads the declarations. Physical damage coverage is not voided because the damage was intentional on the vandal's part.

Collision and other-than-collision are separate optional purchases, but a lender financing the car requires them and is shown as a loss payee on the declarations. There is no federal mandate to buy them; auto insurance requirements are set at state level. The insurer owes the value of the damaged auto, not whatever is left on the loan.

Part D pays the lesser of the auto's actual cash value or the cost to repair or replace it with like kind and quality, so the $8,000 value caps this loss: $8,000 - $500 = $7,500. Paying the $9,400 estimate less the deductible would hand the insured more than the car was worth and breach indemnity. The deductible still comes off a total loss.

Collision and other than collision are separate coverages with separate deductibles, and each loss is settled on its own. Hail is other than collision: $2,000 - $250 = $1,750. The collision loss pays $3,000 - $500 = $2,500, for $4,250 in all. Applying one deductible to both losses ignores which coverage each cause of loss falls under.

Theft is an other-than-collision cause of loss, so that deductible comes off the auto's actual cash value: $14,000 - $250 = $13,750. Collision does not respond to a theft, so subtracting a collision deductible for $13,500 applies the wrong coverage. Actual cash value, not the price the insured once paid, measures a physical damage loss.

Actual cash value is what it would cost to replace the auto today, reduced by depreciation for age, mileage and condition, and it caps what Part D pays. The loan balance is a debt between borrower and lender and measures nothing about the car, which is why gap coverage exists. Using the original purchase price ignores years of depreciation.

The cause of loss is the theft, an other-than-collision peril, so the $100 deductible applies to the damage found on recovery: $4,300 - $100 = $4,200. Subtracting the $1,000 collision deductible because a thief drove the car picks the wrong coverage for the same event. Recovery of the auto does not erase the loss; it changes the claim from a total to a repair.

The unendorsed form pays temporary transportation expenses of $20 per day, up to $600 for the loss. Full rental cost describes a rental reimbursement endorsement bought for a higher limit, not the built-in grant. Because both the daily figure and the cap are fixed, a long repair can exhaust the $600 while the car is still in the shop.

For a total theft, transportation expense coverage begins 48 hours after the theft and ends when the auto is returned to use or the insurer pays for the loss. Twenty covered days at $20 is $400, under the $600 cap, so paying the maximum overstates it. Counting all 22 days ignores the waiting period written into the form.

Coverage for a non-owned auto is the broadest coverage applying to any auto shown in the declarations, so the $250 deductible governs: $3,000 - $250 = $2,750. Choosing the $500 deductible applies the narrower of the two, and averaging deductibles is not a policy provision. Part D does reach a car driven with the owner's permission.

A non-owned auto is a private passenger auto, pickup, van or trailer not owned by or furnished for the regular use of the insured or a family member, used with permission, so a borrowed weekend car fits. A vehicle furnished for regular use falls outside that definition, and a customer's car handled in the auto business is excluded from Part D. An owned auto left off the declarations is not non-owned; it simply has no coverage.

Part D excludes damage due and confined to wear and tear, freezing, and mechanical or electrical breakdown, so an aging transmission is a maintenance cost rather than an insured loss. Neither deductible answer applies, because no covered cause of loss triggered the claim at all. The exclusion gives way only when such damage results from a total theft of the auto.

Road damage to tires sits with wear and tear, freezing and mechanical breakdown in the Part D exclusions, so the tire alone is the owner's expense. If the same pothole bends a wheel and a control arm, that impact damage is a collision loss subject to the deductible, which is why treating the whole claim as a comprehensive road hazard is wrong. The exclusion is lifted when the damage results from a total theft.

Physical damage is excluded while the auto is used as a public or livery conveyance, meaning carrying people or goods for hire. A share-the-expense car pool is expressly carved out of that exclusion, so commuters splitting fuel costs keep their coverage. Distance driven and towing a small trailer do not suspend Part D.

Bars, special carpeting, height-extending roofs and custom murals in a pickup or van are excluded from Part D unless a custom equipment endorsement schedules them. Sound-reproducing equipment is treated the same way when it is not permanently installed in the auto. Saying no endorsement can restore the coverage is wrong, since insurers write the equipment back for extra premium.

The unendorsed policy excludes a vehicle furnished or available for the regular use of the insured, and extended non-owned coverage buys that exposure back by endorsement. A named non-owner policy is written for a person who owns no auto at all, so it does not fit a driver who already carries a personal auto policy. Towing and miscellaneous type vehicle endorsements address unrelated exposures.

Duties after an accident or loss include prompt notice of how, when and where it happened, cooperation with the insurer, and forwarding every legal paper or demand received. Repairing before inspection defeats the insurer's right to see the damage, and settling with the other driver first prejudices the defense the insurer owes. Small losses are still reported even if nothing ends up being paid.

Part E adds two duties for a physical damage loss: notify the police when the auto is stolen, and take reasonable steps to protect the auto and its equipment from further damage. Buying a replacement is not a condition of filing, and title transfer follows a total-loss settlement rather than preceding the police report. A self-imposed waiting period conflicts with the duty of prompt notice.

A person seeking coverage must submit to physical examinations by doctors the insurer chooses, as often as reasonably required, submit to examination under oath, and file a sworn proof of loss when asked. These are conditions of the contract, so refusing them can defeat the claim. The policy does not make the insured fund adjusting expenses or give up the appraisal process.

The territory clause reaches the United States of America, its territories and possessions, Puerto Rico and Canada, and it follows the auto while it is being transported between their ports. Mexico borders the United States but lies outside the territory, which is why the answer naming bordering nations fails and why drivers buy separate coverage there. Coverage is not confined to the home state either.

Under the general provisions the insurer that pays a loss steps into the insured's place against the party responsible, and the insured must sign papers and do nothing to impair that right. Salvage is the insurer taking the damaged property it paid for, not a claim against the wrongdoer. Appraisal settles a disagreement over the amount of a loss, and property cannot simply be abandoned to the insurer.

The general provisions state that when two or more auto policies issued by the insurer to the named insured apply to the same accident, the maximum limit is the highest applicable limit under any one policy. That wording blocks stacking, so adding the two limits together overstates what is owed. It does not cut the recovery down to the smaller of the two limits either.

The legal action condition bars suit against the insurer until the insured has complied with all the terms of the policy, which is why the Part E duties carry so much weight. A second written denial and a regulator's review of the file are not preconditions the contract sets. Appraisal resolves a dispute over the amount of a loss and is not a gateway to every lawsuit.

The endorsement covers towing plus the labor performed where the auto became disabled, up to the limit shown on the declarations. Work done after the car reaches the garage is the owner's expense, so naming engine repairs puts the claim on the wrong side of that line. A substitute car is transportation expense coverage, a separate grant, and the endorsement carries a stated limit.

A named non-owner policy provides liability and related coverages to an individual with no owned auto, following that person into cars rented or borrowed. It schedules no vehicle, so it is not the same as an endorsement written for a motorcycle or motor home. Gap coverage answers a loan balance, which a driver who owns no car does not carry.

The miscellaneous type vehicle endorsement schedules units the unendorsed policy is not written for, such as motorcycles and motor homes, and applies the policy's coverages to them. Extended non-owned coverage deals with a vehicle furnished for the insured's regular use, not with a scheduled recreational unit. Towing coverage adds a service benefit rather than the underlying grant.

Part D owes actual cash value, so after the claim the borrower still owes $22,000 - $18,500 = $3,500. Gap coverage is designed to pay that difference; it neither duplicates the physical damage payment nor replaces it with the whole loan balance. Treating the shortfall as uninsurable ignores a product lenders commonly offer when the car is financed.