浏览所有题目

§8430(a) 规定留置权是就以下两者中较低数额设立的直接留置权：索赔人所提供工作的合理价值，以及与委托该工作之人约定的价格。§8430(c) 补充：若合同被解除、被放弃或被违反，留置权金额不得超过合理价值。因此上限是实际已提供部分中未获付款的价值，这正是 (b) 所忽略的——已经收到的钱必须从主张中扣除。(a) 把利息和费用当作本金，而它们并不构成留置权金额的一部分。(d) 把担保物与债权混为一谈：留置权附着于该财产，但其数额由工作衡量。支撑这一切的制裁在 §8422(c)——索赔人若故意把从未为该财产提供的劳动、服务、设备或材料列入主张，即完全丧失其留置权；而 §8422(a) 则对需求金额中的善意错误予以宽免。本题中分包商已送达的初步通知另有意义：依 §8410，只有已发出该通知并作出送达证明，索赔人才可强制执行留置权。

记录竣工通知可缩短留置权记录期限：此后直接承包商有60天、分包商/供应商有30天，而不是未记录此类通知时适用的90天期限。

根据《民法典》第8460条，记录的留置权必须在记录后90天内通过提起止赎诉讼来强制执行。由于已超过90天且未提起诉讼，该留置权已过期并变得无法执行。

有条件豁免与解除书仅在索赔方实际收到付款时才生效。无条件豁免会立即解除留置权，在付款真正结清之前不应签署。

根据《民法典》第8424条，留置权解除保证金必须为所主张留置权金额的125%。对于40,000美元的留置权，即为50,000美元。该保证金作为替代担保，使索赔方的追偿从财产转移到保证金。

根据《民法典》第8800条，在私人工程中，除非存在善意争议，业主必须在改良工程完工后45天内向直接承包商支付任何保留金。不当扣留可能使业主面临罚金加上被扣留金额的责任。

根据《民法典》第8506条，向建设贷款方送达的停止付款通知必须附有索赔额125%的保证金，才能使贷款方有义务扣留资金。该保证金在索赔后被认定无效时保护贷款方。

§8188(a) 允许业主在工程施工的劳动已连续停止至少 30 天、且到登记之日仍在持续的情况下，登记一份停工通知；§8188(c) 要求该通知载明劳动停止的日期以及停工一直持续至今。它为业主换来的是时间：§8412 把直接承包商的期限从竣工后 90 天缩短为通知登记后 60 天，§8414 把其他所有索赔人的期限缩短为 30 天。(d) 恰恰把这一点说反了。(a) 走得太远——该通知启动的是一个时钟，并不消灭任何权利，在缩短后期限内完成登记的索赔人仍拥有完全有效的留置权。(c) 与留置权法毫无关系，而且根本不可能，因为 B&P §7075.1(a) 禁止转让执照。这份通知在本题所给的事实下最有用：工程被放弃时，竣工可能永远不会发生，没有它那 90 天的时钟就永远不会起算。

§3706 拆掉了使工人赔偿成为「专有救济」的那笔交易：雇主若未确保赔偿金的支付，受伤员工或其扶养人即可像本编不适用一样，对该雇主提起普通法上的损害赔偿之诉。§3708 随即刻意把牌局做得不对等——在此类诉讼中，推定伤害是雇主过失的直接后果，举证责任在雇主一方；而共同过失、风险自担以及同事过失均不得用作抗辩，任何合同都不能把这些抗辩还给雇主。§3716(a) 提供了并行的一条路：雇主不支付裁定金额时，由主任从未投保雇主待遇信托基金中支付。这正是 (a) 和 (b) 都把救济说小了的原因；而 (d) 指错了担保物——执照保证金依 B&P §7071.5 有其自己的受益人，并不能替代工人赔偿。

《劳动法典》第3715条允许未投保雇主的受伤工人向由工业关系部管理的未投保雇主福利信托基金提出索赔。该基金先支付福利，再向未投保雇主追偿。

§4604.5(c)(1) 才是那道上限，而且是按每一门类分别计算、而不是合并计算：对 2004 年 1 月 1 日及以后发生的伤害，员工每次工伤最多可获得脊椎按摩 24 次、职业治疗 24 次、物理治疗 24 次。正因如此，(c) 才是最诱人的错误答案——它把三者并成了一个法条从未设立的总额度；而 (a) 干脆把数字砍掉一半以上。(b) 则完全无视这道上限。真正的出口有两个，而且在实务中都很重要：依 §4604.5(c)(2)(A)，雇主可以以书面形式批准额外的物理医疗就诊，而且为超出上限的治疗付款或予以批准，并不构成对上限在未来申请中的放弃；依 §4604.5(c)(3)，该上限不适用于按行政主任依 §5307.27 制定的术后治疗使用表所提供的术后物理医疗与康复。提供医疗治疗这项基础义务出自 §4600。

§5307.1(a) 指令行政主任在举行公开听证后颁布并定期修订一份官方医疗收费表，为 §4600 所述的治疗、照护、服务和物品设定合理的最高费率，其结构大体上与相关的 Medicare 和 Medi-Cal 支付制度挂钩。给工人赔偿保险公司支付设定上限的是这份收费表，而不是提供方自己的价目表，(b) 因此被排除。(c) 找错了付款人：团体健康的费率是计划与提供方之间的私人合同，与该收费表无关。(d) 连当事人都弄错了——受伤工人并不就医疗账单进行协商，账单是在提供方与理赔管理人之间流转的，有争议的账单进入独立账单审查程序，而不是交给工人。§139.6 因被误引的次数足够多而值得点名：它规定的是信息与协助计划，负责印发受伤工人收到的指南和手册。

§4650(a) 要求首笔临时伤残赔偿金不得迟于得知伤害及伤残后的 14 天支付，并须在该日付清当时应付的全部赔偿，除非责任在此之前已被否认。逾期的处罚是自动的：§4650(d) 规定逾期款项增加 10%，无须申请即应付给员工，除非雇主正按工资延续计划继续支付工资。(c) 是最值得纠正的实务错误：14 天是从得知之时起算，而不是从接受之时起算，因此仍在调查中的雇主要么付款、要么否认，而不能等待。(a) 和 (d) 都把时钟起点放在受伤之日，然后把期限拉长——法条用的是得知伤害及由此产生的伤残，而这可能远晚于受伤本身。§4650(b)(1) 把同一模式带入永久伤残：首笔款项应在最后一笔临时伤残款支付后 14 天内到期。

建筑工程一切险是针对在建工程的财产保险，因此 (a)、(b)、(d) 都是它的本职范围：火灾、盗窃和风灾都属于在建项目的实物损失，均在保。标准条款排除的是修补施工瑕疵、材料瑕疵或设计瑕疵的费用，也就是说：当失效的正是那个有缺陷的部件时，修它的钱由承包商自己出，而不是保险公司出。值得带进考场的界线是：由此波及到项目其他完好部分的损失通常仍在保——被挖掉的只是缺陷工作本身；而且这项排除是财产保险的规则，并不能替代一般责任险在完工之后提供的"已完成作业"保障。

标准房主保单承保的是一栋已完工的住宅及其室内财物。正在建造或大规模翻修中的房屋，要么被直接排除，要么其限额被压缩到住宅保额的一小部分；而尚未安装的材料通常只能在一个很小的建材或异地财产子限额下获得保障。填补这个空档正是建筑工程一切险被设计出来的用途：它在施工期内承保结构、固定装置和材料的实物损失，然后随工程结束而终止。(a) 说的与那条排除条款正相反，而正是这种想法让业主在施工中途处于无保险状态。(b) 凭空造出一个金额门槛；没有任何规则让工程险取决于合同规模，尽管建设贷款方通常无论金额大小都会要求投保。(c) 把两类保险搞混了：第三方的人身伤害以及由此提起的诉讼属于责任保险，而房主保单的财产部分和建筑工程一切险回应的都是财产本身的实物损失。

具名被保险人本身就是保单的一方当事人：可以提出索赔，可以收到通知和解约通知，负有配合义务，也要承担保费——这正是分包商通常通过合同价款为这一身份付费的原因。附加被保险人得到的则是派生性的保障，限于因具名被保险人工作引起的责任，并受该保单条款约束。其余三项描述的都不是这两种身份中的任何一种。(b) 把投保这件事的意义完全颠倒了。(c) 描述的是普通第三方索赔人，恰恰是具名被保险人所不是的。(d) 凭空造出一个按完工百分比切断保障的规则，而建筑工程险条款并不这样运作；此类保单在占用、验收或约定的到期日终止，具体以条款约定为准。

《民法典》第8484条为已为未开工的改良工程编制图纸的执照建筑师、注册工程师和执照土地测量师设立了设计专业人员留置权。该权利不同于一般要求实际对财产进行改良的传统留置权。

§9550(a) 要求被授予支出额超过 25,000 美元的公共工程合同的直接承包商在开工之前提交付款保证金；§9100(a) 列明谁可以据此索赔：凡由直接承包商、分包商、建筑师、项目经理或对合同部分事务负责之人授权而提供工作的人，以及劳工——这涵盖了二级供应商。§9100(b) 只挖掉一个不能索赔的当事人：直接承包商本身。(b) 恰恰是这项保证金存在的原因：公共财产不受机械师留置权约束，根本没有可供登记的对象。(c) 借错了保证金——§7071.6 执照保证金只对 §7071.5 所列受益人负责，未获付款的供应商只能通过故意违法或欺诈那道门才触及。(d) 选的是职业责任保险，它保的是建筑师本人的过失，而不是未付的货款。§9100(a) 另外开的一条路是向公共机关发出止付通知。

这两种救济追的是不同的财产。§8400 下的机械师留置权附着于不动产本身，金额由 §8430(a) 确定——所提供工作的合理价值与约定价格中的较低者——并依 §8460(a) 在登记后 90 天内提起诉讼加以强制执行。止付通知追的则是钱：§8520(a) 允许除直接承包商以外享有留置权的索赔人向业主发出该通知，§8530 允许向建设贷款方发出，而 §8500 又使本章成为通往建设资金的唯一途径，因此除依与资金持有人之间的书面合同外，任何人不得就该资金主张其他法律或衡平权利。(a) 把两者完全说反了，还凭空造出一种针对执照的留置权，而那种东西根本不存在。(b) 忽略了不仅追索对象不同、期限也不同——§8412 和 §8414 管的是留置权的登记，对发出止付通知没有半句规定。(d) 凭空造出一种替代关系：付款会让两种救济一起结束，而它们彼此之间并不会转换。

§8416(a) 列明了留置权主张必须包含的内容，而每一项都是关于该主张本身的：扣除一切正当抵扣与冲减后的索赔人主张金额、业主或名义业主的姓名（如知晓）、所提供工作种类的概括说明、雇用索赔人或索赔人向其提供工作之人的姓名、足以识别工地的描述、索赔人的地址、已填写完成的送达证明宣誓书，以及以至少 10 号粗体字印刷的「机械师留置权通知」——整份声明须由索赔人签署并经核证。其中没有一项要求业主的贷款资料，所以 (a) 是凭空加的；也没有一项要求其他分包商的执照号码，这是 (b) 的错；而合同属于证据，而不是留置权文件的必备内容，这是 (c) 的错。§8410 是另一项常绊倒索赔人的条件：只有已发出初步通知并作出送达证明，留置权才可强制执行。

§8416(e) 说得很直接：未按本条规定送达留置权主张的副本（包括 §8416(a)(8) 所要求的「机械师留置权通知」），将使该留置权主张依法不可强制执行。登记只是工作的一半，这正是 (a) 的错处。§8416(c) 规定了如何送达——以挂号、认证或平邮寄出并有交寄证明，寄至业主或名义业主的住所或营业地址，或建筑许可上所载地址，或依 §8174 另行规定的地址——而若无法以此方式送达业主，副本可改为寄给建设贷款方或原承包商。§8416(d) 规定邮件一经交寄，送达即为完成，这也是 §8416(a)(7) 所要求的送达证明宣誓书为何要出现在留置权文件本身之上的原因。(c) 和 (d) 都凭空造出法条并未规定的转换：止付通知是索赔人必须自己另行发出的独立救济，而金钱判决从来只能由法院作出。

私人项目上的停止付款通知须在适用于留置权的相同最外层期限内送达：在未记录竣工或停工通知时，一般须在改良工程完工或停工后90天内送达。记录该等通知会缩短这些期限。

Civil Code §8200要求除总承包商和计工资的劳工之外的每一位债权人，在首次提供劳务、服务、设备或材料后不晚于20天内送达业主、总承包商和建筑贷款人；§8204允许逾期送达但把权利限制在送达前20天及其后。(a)漏掉了代价最大的两个收件人——没有通知贷款人就没有带保证金的停付通知。(c)颠倒了顺序，竣工通知启动的是留置权期限，而不是初步通知的期限。(d)用的90天是§8412登记留置权的期限，不是送达初步通知的期限。

根据Civil Code §8412，总承包商必须在改良工程完工后90天内记录留置权。若业主按§8182记录了完工或停工通知，则总承包商的窗口缩短为该记录后60天（§8412），分包商/索赔人的窗口缩短为30天。90天的兜底适用于未记录NOC的情况。1年窗口混淆了留置权记录与§8460对已记录留置权强制执行的截止日（90天内提起诉讼）。

Civil Code §8460要求索赔人在记录留置权后90天内提起强制执行已记录留置权的诉讼；否则留置权失效且不可执行。索赔人与业主可按§8460(b)以书面协议延长截止日，但最多延至完工后一年。180天的选项不存在。"合同授予后1年"和"4年时效"选项混淆了书面合同违约的时效与远为短促的留置权截止日。错过这90天窗口是分包商失去留置权的最常见方式之一。

§3700 要求加州的每一位雇主确保赔偿金的支付，并且只允许两种方式：向获准在本州承保工人赔偿的保险公司投保，或取得工业关系厅厅长签发的自保同意证书。未做到即构成 §3700.5 下的轻罪，罚款也不轻——§3722(a) 按停工令签发时的在职员工每人 1,500 美元核定罚款，§3722(b) 则按雇主本应缴纳保费的两倍与同样的每人 1,500 美元中的较高者核定。在执照一侧，B&P §7125 要求有雇员的持照人备有现行有效的保险证明（在 2028 年 1 月 1 日之前，没有雇员的持照人可以提交豁免，但持有 C-8、C-20、C-22、C-39 或 D-49 分类者除外；自该日起只有依 §7029 设立且无雇员的合资企业可以豁免）；§7125.2 规定自应当取得保险之日起执照即依法中止。(b) 是一份工资税表格；(c) 是 §7071.19 对有限责任公司另行要求的保险；(d) 属于联邦法，门槛为 50 名全职等量员工。

无雇员的 §7029 合营体现在可以持有豁免;自 2028 年 1 月 1 日 SB 216 版本的 §7125(经 SB 1455 从 2026 年推迟)生效起,它将是**唯一**还能持有豁免的持照人;在此之前,不持有 C-8、C-20、C-22、C-39、D-49 分类的其他无雇员持照人也可以提交豁免。而 §7125.4 规定:一旦雇用员工,该豁免即依法自动失效,若未向 CSLB 备有《工伤补偿保险证明》,执照即被吊销。没有让你去比价投保的宽限期(d),不能等到续期再更新(c),也不需要注销执照(b)。

Civil Code §8200的20天起算点是债权人首次提供劳务、服务、设备或材料之日——本题为7月1日，因此约在7月21日前送达才能保住全部债权；§8204允许更晚的通知成立，但只能追溯到送达前20天及其后。(b)把期限挂在单据上而不是交付上，这是供应商最常犯也最昂贵的错误，因为发票往往数周后才开出。(c)用的登记日关乎留置权顺位，而非通知。(d)借用了其他州的"开工通知"；加州的制度用的是竣工与停工，而不是开工。

Civil Code §9358规定，收到停付通知的公共实体必须从该合同尚未支付的款项中扣留足以清偿该债权并加上合理诉讼费用的金额，且善意扣留可获法定保护。(a)跳过了债权人在扣押账户前必须取得的判决。(b)要求的救济并非该通知所能提供——合同继续履行，停下的只是钱。(c)正是公共工程制度要回应的陷阱：公共财产不能被设立留置权，所以立法者用这一通知和§9550的付款保证金来替代。

§8424(b) 将保证金定为留置权主张金额的 125%——或该主张分配给所解除房产部分金额的 125%——并要求由被认可的担保保险公司出具。一经登记，该不动产即从留置权及任何执行留置权的诉讼中解除，而那 25% 的余量正是用于覆盖索赔人可追偿的利息和费用。登记保证金的一方必须向索赔人发出通知并附保证金副本，索赔人自该通知起有六个月时间就保证金提起诉讼——这与 §8460 就留置权本身提起诉讼的 90 天期限是两个不同的时限。因此 (d) 少了 25 个百分点，(b) 为有争议的留置权凭空打了折，(a) 则错了两处：既不要求现金，而担保保证金恰恰是本条所要求的。

B&P §7071.11(a)写得很明确：保证金不足以全额清偿所有债权时，其金额按各债权人债权数额的比例分配给所有债权人。同一款还将担保人对工资及附加福利债权的累计责任上限定为4,000美元，因此无论工资债权多大，该木工从保证金中最多只能取得4,000美元。(a)是"保证金是消费者优先基金"这一流行误解——§7071.5确实把房主列为受益人，但成为受益人不等于享有优先权。(c)套用了该条款并未采用的先来先得规则。(d)最具迷惑性，因为该条款确实单独提到了工资债权——但它是给工资债权设上限，而不是给它优先权。

Civil Code §2782.05使要求分包商或其保险人为总承包商或业主自身的积极过失提供保险或补偿的条款无效或受限，因此该批单针对的是源于分包商工作及其过失份额的责任，并且分包商的保险人仍须就此类索赔承担抗辩义务。(a)夸大了法条：批单是被限制而不是被废止，附加被保险人承保在加州工程中是常规做法。(b)恰恰是§2782.05所取消的义务。(d)是把批单当成万能保护伞——并非如此，总包自身的过失由总包自己的保单回应。

Civil Code §8400 gives a lien right to a person that provides work authorized for a work of improvement, and lists the direct contractor, subcontractor, material supplier, equipment lessor, laborer, and design professional; §8404 defines authorized work as work requested or agreed to by the owner, or authorized by a direct contractor, subcontractor, architect, project manager, or other person having charge of part of the work. The framing subcontractor is squarely inside that. (b) is the limit that matters: a creditor who contributed nothing to the improvement, such as the contractor's landlord or lender, has no lien. (a) and (c) shrink the class to a single tier, which would leave every subcontractor and supplier without the remedy the chapter was written for.

Civil Code §8412 gives a direct contractor 90 days after completion of the work of improvement to record a mechanics lien when no notice of completion or cessation has been recorded. The shorter deadlines apply only after such a notice is recorded.

Under Civil Code §8414, once a notice of completion (or cessation) is recorded, a claimant other than the direct contractor must record its lien within 30 days. The direct contractor gets 60 days after that notice. Absent any such notice, everyone has 90 days after completion.

Civil Code §8414 gives the direct contractor 60 days after recording of a notice of completion or cessation, while all other claimants get 30 days. If no such notice is recorded, all claimants have 90 days from completion under §8412.

Civil Code §8204(a) says a claimant who did not give preliminary notice is not precluded from giving one later, but is then entitled to record a lien, give a stop payment notice, or claim against a payment bond only for work performed within the 20 days before service, and at any time afterwards. (a) is the harshest misreading — late notice costs the early work, not the remedy. (c) is the mildest, and it ignores the look-back altogether. (b) invents a doubling of the period; nothing in the section extends the 20 days, which is why the practical rule is to serve at the start of every job.

Civil Code §8200 requires a claimant without a direct contract with the owner to serve the preliminary notice on the owner or reputed owner, the direct contractor, and the construction lender if there is one; §8204 makes the notice reach back only 20 days, so late service shortens what can be claimed. (b) omits the owner, whose property the lien attaches to. (c) omits the lender, and that omission specifically costs the claimant the bonded stop payment notice against undisbursed loan funds. (d) confuses the preliminary notice with recording — the preliminary notice is served, not recorded, and serving only the party upstream of you is the most common fatal error.

Civil Code §8200(e)(1) excuses a laborer from giving preliminary notice, and §8200(e)(2) excuses a claimant with a direct contractual relationship with the owner from notifying anyone but the construction lender. §8024 defines laborer as a person who, acting as an employee, performs labor on or bestows skill on a work of improvement, and extends the term to a fund owed part of that compensation. (a), (b) and (c) all lack an owner contract, so each must serve the owner, the direct contractor, and the lender within the §8204(a) 20 days — and an equipment lessor is the one people most often assume is exempt, when §8400(d) gives it a lien right on exactly the same conditions as anyone else.

Civil Code §8200(e) excuses a direct contractor from serving the owner — the contract itself gives the owner notice — but the direct contractor must still give the preliminary notice to a construction lender to preserve rights against the construction funds. (a) inverts the flow: notice runs up the chain toward the people who control the money, not down it. (b) applies the general rule without reading the exception, and is the trap for anyone who memorised '20 days' alone. (c) over-reads the exception, which covers only the owner and not the lender.

Once paid, the claimant records a release of the mechanics lien, and that recorded release is what clears the lien from title. An owner who cannot obtain one has two statutory routes: record a lien release bond of 125 percent of the claim under §8424, which shifts the claimant's remedy from the land to the bond, or, once the claimant's 90 days under §8460 have run without an action, petition for a release order under §8480. (b) is a completion event under §8180(a)(4), which starts deadlines rather than ending a lien. (c) is the §8444 notice an owner who did not contract for the work posts and records within 10 days of learning of it. (d) is the §8200 notice served at the outset to preserve lien rights.

Civil Code §8460 requires the claimant to commence an action to foreclose the mechanics lien within 90 days after recording. If no suit is filed in time (absent a recorded extension), the lien expires and is unenforceable.

A stop payment notice under Civil Code §8500 et seq. directs the owner, or a bonded notice directs the construction lender, to withhold money not yet paid out and hold it against the claim; §8534 sets the owner's duty to withhold. (a) confuses two securities — a claim on the §7071.6 license bond is made against the surety, not through a stop payment notice. (b) describes the mechanics lien, which attaches to the property itself; the point of the stop payment notice is that it reaches the money instead. (c) assumes a levy right that only a judgment creditor has.

Civil Code §8532 obligates a construction lender to withhold only on a bonded stop payment notice, accompanied by a surety bond of 125 percent of the claim; the bond protects the lender if the claim turns out to be bad. (a) is the closest trap: form and verification matter, but no amount of formality substitutes for the bond. (b) reverses the order — the notice works without going to court, which is why it is useful. (c) borrows mechanics lien practice, where recording is the operative act; a stop payment notice is served, not recorded. A notice to the owner under §8534 needs no bond.

A payment bond guarantees payment down the chain: §8608 gives the right of recovery to claimants who provided work to the direct contractor, directly or through one or more subcontractors, and §8612 conditions the claim on the preliminary notice the lien law requires. (a) and (b) both describe a performance bond, which answers to the owner for completion and quality — the two bonds are usually bought together and confusing them is the classic error. (c) is not a bonded obligation at all; financing costs are the owner's own.

Labor Code §3700 requires every employer to secure the payment of compensation, by insurance or by a certificate of consent to self-insure, and one employee triggers it; B&P §7125 then makes a current certificate of workers' compensation insurance or of self-insurance on file with the board a condition of the license itself. A licensee with NO employees may file an exemption statement instead until January 1, 2028, unless it holds a C-8, C-20, C-22, C-39 or D-49 classification; from that date SB 216, as postponed by SB 1455 (Stats. 2024, ch. 485), requires coverage of every licensee except a §7029 joint venture that employs nobody. General liability, commercial auto, and builder's risk are routinely required by contract, by a lender, or by the Vehicle Code for the vehicles themselves, but none of them is made mandatory for contractors by the license law, and none of them pays an injured worker's benefits.

B&P §7125(b), as amended by SB 1455 (Stats. 2024, ch. 485), lets a licensee with no employees file an exemption statement instead of carrying coverage — but only if it does not hold a C-8, C-20, C-22, C-39 or D-49 classification. A roofer is on that list, so the C-39 holder must carry workers' compensation or a certification of self-insurance even with nobody on the payroll (d). (b) is the rule for a painter or a Class B contractor with no employees, and it is the trap here: the classification is what decides it. The list stops mattering on January 1, 2028, when the SB 216 version of §7125 becomes operative and every licensee must carry coverage except a §7029 joint venture with no employees — the roofer's answer is the same either way. (a) and (c) name real policies that cover other risks: general liability answers to third parties, builder's risk to property damage during construction, and neither substitutes for workers' compensation.

Commercial general liability answers for bodily injury and property damage suffered by third parties and arising out of the contractor's operations or completed work, together with the duty to defend those claims. (a) is business income coverage, and a liability policy insures what the contractor owes others rather than what the contractor failed to earn. (b) is workers' compensation, which the CGL expressly excludes. (c) is first-party property coverage — inland marine or a tools floater. Note too the 'your work' exclusion: the CGL does not pay to redo the contractor's own defective workmanship.

Builder's risk is property insurance on the structure and the materials while the project is under way, against perils such as fire, theft, vandalism, and wind; it insures the work itself, and it ends when the project is finished. (b) is the owner's permanent property and liability program, which takes over at occupancy. (c) is commercial general liability, which answers for third-party bodily injury and property damage. (d) is workers' compensation. The line to hold is property coverage on the work versus liability coverage for harm to others.

A certificate of insurance is an informational snapshot: it says that a described policy was in force when the certificate was issued, and it neither amends the policy nor creates rights. (a) is the single most expensive misconception in construction risk transfer — additional insured status comes from an endorsement to the policy, and the certificate merely reports it. (b) reads the 'cancellation notice' box as a promise; most modern certificates disclaim any duty to notify. (c) mistakes the summary for the contract; only the policy and its endorsements grant coverage.